Report Description Table of Contents Introduction And Strategic Context The Global Volatile Organic Compounds Gas Sensor market will witness a robust CAGR of 11.6% , valued at USD 1.4 billion in 2024 , expected to appreciate and reach USD 2.65 billion by 2030 , confirms Strategic Market Research. VOC gas sensors have quietly moved from niche industrial use to frontline environmental and safety technologies. These sensors are designed to detect and quantify airborne organic chemicals that evaporate easily at room temperature — from benzene and formaldehyde to ethanol and toluene. Whether they're embedded in industrial safety systems, indoor air quality monitors, automotive cabins, or wearable devices, their core job remains the same: measure, alert, and help mitigate exposure to hazardous organic gases. This market’s growth isn’t happening in isolation. Governments around the world are tightening emissions regulations. Cities are setting new thresholds for indoor air quality. And consumers are more aware than ever of the invisible pollutants around them — especially post-pandemic, when indoor ventilation and environmental hygiene became urgent topics. Technological evolution is also in play. Modern VOC sensors are smaller, more sensitive, and smarter — thanks to MEMS, photoionization detectors (PIDs), and advances in machine learning algorithms that improve pattern recognition. As a result, companies are embedding VOC detection capabilities into everything from smart thermostats to industrial drones. In short, VOC sensing is no longer just for factories and hazmat teams — it’s entering homes, vehicles, schools, and public spaces. This market sits at the intersection of safety, regulation, climate, and health. It’s no surprise that stakeholders come from all corners: OEMs developing HVAC, automotive, and consumer electronics products that now integrate air quality features. Industrial safety equipment providers building multi-gas analyzers for refineries, chemical plants, and mining sites. Regulatory bodies mandating stricter air monitoring in workplaces and urban areas. Construction and smart building firms embedding air quality sensors into LEED-certified infrastructure. Startups focused on personal health and wearables, leveraging VOC data for respiratory wellness insights. Investors chasing sustainability-focused tech portfolios, especially with ESG (environmental, social, governance) scoring systems emphasizing air pollution control. The urgency behind VOC detection is only going to grow. Climate-linked wildfires, industrial urbanization, and tighter green building codes are all converging — making these sensors a key enabler of healthier environments. To be honest, this market’s momentum comes less from innovation flash and more from long-overdue necessity. We can’t manage what we can’t measure, and VOCs are now firmly on the radar. Market Segmentation And Forecast Scope The VOC gas sensor market breaks down across a few core dimensions that directly reflect where the need for air quality monitoring is intensifying. For this RD, we’ll structure the segmentation across Product Type , Technology , Application , End User , and Region . By Product Type Portable VOC Gas Sensors : These are used in industrial inspections, fieldwork, and emergency situations. Demand is high in safety-critical roles where flexibility and real-time detection are essential. Fixed/Stationary VOC Gas Sensors : Deployed in factories, labs, and smart buildings. This segment benefits from ongoing automation and smart infrastructure upgrades. In 2024 , fixed sensors account for around 63% of total revenue , mainly due to widespread deployment in HVAC systems and industrial facilities. But portable units are growing faster, especially with rising field use in environmental monitoring and IoT wearables. By Technology Photoionization Detectors (PIDs) : These dominate due to high sensitivity and fast response times for low-level VOC detection. Metal Oxide Semiconductors (MOS) : More cost-effective and compact, often used in consumer and automotive segments. Flame Ionization Detectors (FIDs) and Infrared Sensors : Targeted toward high-end industrial and lab-grade VOC detection needs. PIDs will likely remain the top technology through 2030, but MOS sensors are gaining serious traction for cost-sensitive applications — especially in smart home and automotive environments. By Application Air Quality Monitoring (Indoor & Outdoor) Industrial Process Safety Environmental Monitoring Automotive Cabin Air Management Smart Home Devices Healthcare & Laboratories The air quality monitoring segment is currently the largest, contributing nearly 41% of the market in 2024. It benefits from regulatory mandates, green building codes, and growing adoption of smart indoor air systems. However, automotive cabin air control is expected to see the fastest growth — with electric vehicle (EV) OEMs integrating VOC sensors into climate control and filtration systems to enhance passenger comfort and safety. By End User Manufacturing and Chemical Industries Building & Construction (Smart Buildings) Healthcare and Labs Automotive OEMs Government and Environmental Agencies Residential & Commercial Property Developers Among these, industrial manufacturers remain the largest customer base, driven by compliance and occupational safety needs. But residential and commercial property developers are a rising force — using VOC sensing as a value-add for luxury real estate and green building certifications. By Region North America Europe Asia Pacific Latin America Middle East & Africa (MEA) North America currently leads in revenue, fueled by OSHA workplace mandates and widespread use in HVAC systems. But Asia Pacific is expected to post the highest CAGR through 2030 , driven by rapid urbanization, smart city initiatives, and worsening air pollution across India, China, and Southeast Asia. Market Trends And Innovation Landscape The VOC gas sensor market is riding a wave of under-the-radar innovation. It’s not about splashy new products every quarter — it’s about steady improvements in size, sensitivity, power efficiency, and connectivity that are pushing these sensors into spaces they’ve never reached before. Miniaturization Meets Integration One of the biggest breakthroughs has been sensor miniaturization. Manufacturers are now embedding VOC sensors in smartphones, wearables, and ultra-slim air purifiers . What’s powering this? Advancements in MEMS (Microelectromechanical Systems) and nanomaterials , which allow for extremely compact form factors without compromising detection accuracy. This miniaturization is opening up totally new use cases — like smartwatches alerting users to poor indoor air quality or VOC sensors installed inside HVAC vents for real-time automated filtration. AI + Sensor Fusion Raw VOC data can be messy — temperature and humidity skew readings. That’s where AI-powered signal processing is making a difference. Companies are integrating machine learning algorithms to correct false positives and build context-aware VOC profiles. In some smart building setups, VOC sensors work alongside CO2, PM2.5, and humidity sensors , combining data for better HVAC decisions. This “sensor fusion” isn’t just tech for tech’s sake — it’s helping buildings learn when to ventilate, when to purify, and how to keep energy use down. Next-Gen Materials: From Graphene to MOFs Material science is reshaping VOC sensing. Emerging materials like graphene and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) promise better selectivity and faster response times. Researchers are experimenting with functionalized coatings that can isolate specific VOCs — even at parts-per-billion levels. This matters most in labs, automotive testing, and clinical diagnostics, where precise VOC profiling is needed — not just detection. VOC Sensing in Electric and Autonomous Vehicles EVs and high-end cars are increasingly embedding VOC sensors into cabin air quality systems . It’s not just about health — it's a luxury experience. Companies are marketing clean cabin air the same way they once sold leather interiors or noise cancellation. Autonomous vehicles, in particular, need self-monitoring environmental sensors . A car that drives itself also needs to protect its passengers from harmful gases in tunnels, garages, or urban smog zones — without driver intervention. Startups and Edge Devices There’s growing startup activity around edge VOC sensing — battery-powered sensors with Bluetooth or NB-IoT modules , deployed in warehouses, cold chain logistics, or rental properties. These devices alert facility managers in real time when pollutant thresholds are breached. One startup recently launched a subscription-based indoor air quality tracker for small offices , offering real-time dashboards and automated maintenance triggers for HVAC contractors. Collaborative Ecosystems Large sensor manufacturers are increasingly partnering with building automation firms, auto OEMs, and HVAC integrators . Rather than selling stand-alone sensors, they’re packaging “VOC intelligence” as part of broader air management systems. A recent example: a European sensor firm partnered with a smart thermostat manufacturer to add VOC metrics into room comfort scores — blending health, efficiency, and comfort into a single dashboard. Competitive Intelligence And Benchmarking The VOC gas sensor landscape isn’t dominated by a single giant — instead, it’s a race among specialized sensor developers, smart component makers, and large industrial automation firms who all recognize one thing: VOC sensing is becoming embedded across ecosystems , from smart homes to EVs. Here’s how key players are positioning themselves and differentiating in this evolving space. 1. Figaro Engineering Inc. Based in Japan, Figaro has long been a staple in the gas sensor industry, particularly known for metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensors . Their VOC sensor models are widely used in HVAC systems, smart appliances, and air quality monitors. Their edge lies in cost-effective, high-volume production and a well-established distributor network. Figaro's sensors are often bundled into third-party platforms, making them a go-to for OEMs targeting consumer and industrial markets. 2. Sensirion AG Switzerland-based Sensirion stands out for combining precision MEMS engineering with compact design. Their SGP series VOC sensors offer impressive sensitivity in millimeter -scale footprints. Sensirion’s real strategy is integration — their sensors are designed to work inside IoT devices and smartphones, with built-in temperature and humidity compensation algorithms . That makes them ideal for edge deployments where reliable data is needed without manual recalibration. They’ve also recently expanded into AI-enabled air quality modules , further differentiating from low-cost competitors. 3. Amphenol Advanced Sensors A division of Amphenol Corporation, this firm leverages scale and multi-industry reach. Their VOC sensors are used across automotive, consumer electronics, and industrial HVAC platforms. They emphasize multi-parameter modules , combining VOC sensing with temperature, pressure, and humidity in one chip. This plays well with Tier-1 automotive suppliers looking to streamline environmental sensing in vehicle cabins. Their global presence and large-scale manufacturing muscle give them an edge in B2B contracts with big-name OEMs. 4. Aeroqual Ltd. New Zealand-based Aeroqual is a niche but respected player in high-end VOC monitoring . Unlike others, they focus on professional-grade sensors used in outdoor environmental monitoring, government air quality programs, and industrial hygiene. Their VOC sensors are known for high accuracy and robust calibration options. Aeroqual often partners with environmental agencies and researchers — which also helps them refine detection algorithms for real-world conditions. This positions them less for mass-market use and more for precision-heavy deployments. 5. Alphasense Ltd. UK-based Alphasense is known for PID-based VOC sensors that deliver industrial-grade performance in compact formats. They’ve carved out a space in industrial safety and laboratory diagnostics , often supplying to system integrators and air quality equipment manufacturers. Their competitive angle? A balance between price and performance — good enough for regulated environments, without the cost of premium lab systems. 6. SGX Sensortech (A part of Amphenol) Now under the Amphenol umbrella, SGX provides a wide array of gas detection technologies. Their focus on automotive-grade and industrial VOC modules positions them well as carmakers double down on cabin air quality. They’ve also introduced digital VOC sensors with SPI/I2C interfaces — ideal for plug-and-play integration in IoT ecosystems. 7. Aeroqual / Cubic Sensor and Instrument Co. Cubic (China) is an emerging contender that’s rapidly gaining attention, especially in the Asia Pacific market . Their sensors are priced competitively and increasingly used in smart city, air purifier, and white-label OEM products. They’re aggressively pursuing localization strategies , catering to the needs of China’s sprawling environmental tech sector — an approach Western firms are slower to match. Competitive Landscape Insights: Tier 1 players (like Sensirion and Amphenol) are moving toward modular platforms that integrate multiple sensors with AI processing — appealing to smart device manufacturers. Lower-cost competitors (e.g., Cubic, Figaro) are winning in consumer and emerging markets by optimizing for scale and affordability. Specialists ( Aeroqual , Alphasense ) continue to serve high-precision industrial and regulatory needs, often through partnerships. The future battleground is likely automotive air systems and indoor smart devices , where VOC sensing is becoming a baseline feature rather than a premium add-on. Regional Landscape And Adoption Outlook VOC gas sensor adoption varies drastically across regions — not just in terms of market size, but also in how these sensors are used, regulated, and embedded into broader technologies. Let’s take a closer look at where growth is surging, what’s driving it, and where white space still exists. North America North America leads the market in 2024, driven by a combination of strict occupational safety standards , a booming smart home sector , and a maturing EV ecosystem . The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has long flagged VOCs as hazardous, and OSHA’s permissible exposure limits have spurred widespread sensor adoption in manufacturing and laboratories. Beyond industrial safety, the U.S. is seeing increasing consumer-level integration — think VOC sensors built into smart thermostats , air purifiers , and even childcare products like connected baby monitors. Canada follows a similar pattern, though at a smaller scale. Urban air quality initiatives in cities like Toronto and Vancouver are accelerating VOC monitoring in public infrastructure. In short, North America is where VOC sensors have become multi-purpose — safety tool, wellness feature, and green tech badge. Europe Europe is nearly neck-and-neck with North America, thanks to aggressive environmental regulations , green building codes , and high public awareness. The EU’s REACH regulation and EN 13779 (for ventilation in non-residential buildings) have forced businesses and public facilities to adopt continuous VOC monitoring. Germany, France, and the Nordic countries are leading adopters, especially in the construction, automotive, and indoor air quality monitoring segments . European automakers are particularly active, embedding VOC sensors into HVAC systems to enhance passenger comfort and meet rising in-cabin air quality expectations. Moreover, energy efficiency targets are promoting VOC-based ventilation control in commercial buildings — lowering HVAC costs while improving health outcomes. Asia Pacific Asia Pacific is the fastest-growing region , and for good reason. Rapid industrialization, urban smog, and rising middle-class health consciousness are creating a perfect storm for VOC sensor adoption. China is the standout — not only as a major manufacturer of sensors (e.g., Cubic, Winsen ), but also as a massive consumer. Local regulations are catching up with international standards, particularly around workplace exposure and indoor air quality in schools and hospitals . India is still in early stages but moving fast. Smart city projects in Bengaluru, Pune, and Hyderabad are integrating VOC sensors into municipal air quality dashboards. Consumer interest is also rising, with VOC-capable air purifiers and wearables gaining traction in polluted metros like Delhi. Japan and South Korea are steady adopters, especially in automotive and home automation , often favoring higher-end sensor tech from domestic or European suppliers. Asia Pacific may lag in per-capita installations today, but its scale and pace make it a future market leader — particularly if governments double down on air quality enforcement. Latin America Latin America represents a nascent but emerging opportunity , especially in countries like Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. While regulatory frameworks are less developed, air quality challenges in urban hubs are pushing public health officials and building developers to invest in VOC detection — mostly in commercial real estate and industrial facilities . Progress is uneven , often dependent on international funding or environmental grant programs, but pilot programs are growing — especially in schools and hospitals. Middle East & Africa (MEA) In MEA, adoption is mostly limited to select smart city projects , airport terminals , and industrial safety applications in petrochemical zones like Saudi Arabia and the UAE. Local sensor deployment often depends on imported systems, and market development is slow due to limited local production and technical expertise. That said, rising urbanization and sustainability goals in cities like Dubai and Riyadh are creating demand for VOC sensors in LEED-certified buildings and luxury real estate . In Africa, adoption is minimal and focused on donor-backed health and environmental initiatives. Regional Outlook Summary: North America and Europe dominate mature, compliance-driven adoption. Asia Pacific is the breakout growth zone — large, fast-moving, and increasingly sophisticated. LATAM and MEA offer long-term potential, especially as health, safety, and environmental governance improves. End-User Dynamics And Use Case The appeal of VOC gas sensors spans across industries — but the way they’re used, valued, and deployed varies dramatically depending on the end user. Some see these sensors as regulatory necessities. Others view them as strategic differentiators for product design, ESG scoring, or even consumer trust. 1. Industrial and Chemical Manufacturers This is still the largest and most compliance-driven segment . Plants, refineries, and labs use VOC sensors to monitor: Worker exposure to hazardous compounds (e.g., formaldehyde, toluene) Leaks from storage tanks or pipelines Emissions compliance in chemical processing These environments demand high-accuracy, rugged sensors — often with PID or FID technology. Continuous monitoring and alert systems are tied to real-time dashboards and audit logs, helping companies stay OSHA- and EPA-compliant. This group doesn’t just want sensors — they want traceable data. 2. Smart Building and HVAC System Integrators With the rise of green building certifications and indoor air quality concerns, VOC sensors are increasingly embedded in HVAC systems, office towers, schools, and hospitals . These users want: Real-time VOC monitoring for dynamic ventilation control Integration with BMS (Building Management Systems) Compact, low-power sensors with digital outputs To be honest, for smart building operators, VOCs are no longer just about health — they’re about energy savings and tenant retention. 3. Automotive OEMs Vehicle interiors are a growing battleground for air quality. EVs in particular, due to their sealed cabins and luxury positioning, are being outfitted with in-cabin VOC sensors . They detect: Off-gassing from adhesives, plastics, and fabrics Pollution ingress during city driving Smoke or chemical infiltration in garages or tunnels Luxury brands are using VOC sensors to offer "clean air cabins" as a selling point — it’s a feature you’ll hear more about in EV showrooms soon. 4. Consumer Electronics and Appliance Makers This group includes makers of air purifiers, thermostats, smart home hubs, and wearable health trackers . Their goal? Embed VOC sensing into compact, connected devices that offer lifestyle benefits: Smart thermostats that adjust airflow based on VOC levels Air purifiers that ramp up when formaldehyde is detected Watches that flag high pollution zones during outdoor workouts For these brands, VOC sensors are part of a broader health-and-wellness narrative . Price sensitivity matters, but so does reliability and seamless app integration. 5. Healthcare and Laboratory Facilities Hospitals, diagnostic labs, and life science firms are using VOC sensors for: Monitoring solvent levels in pathology labs Ensuring cleanroom air purity Protecting patients and staff from airborne irritants Here, the sensors must be calibrated, highly accurate, and audit-ready . VOC detection is directly tied to regulatory audits and patient safety metrics . 6. Environmental Agencies and Governments City air quality departments, disaster response teams, and researchers use VOC sensors for: Mapping urban VOC hotspots Mobile monitoring with drones or vans Emergency alerts during industrial fires or spills These users lean toward portable, high-range detectors with remote data logging, wireless communication, and cloud-based dashboards. Use Case Highlight: Smart School Retrofit in Northern Italy In 2023, a school district in northern Italy partnered with a building automation firm to upgrade air quality across 18 public schools. The goal: reduce absenteeism due to respiratory illness and comply with new EU indoor air quality mandates. They installed ceiling-mounted VOC sensors in classrooms and common areas, integrated with the HVAC system’s central control. The system would increase airflow whenever VOC levels spiked due to cleaning agents, adhesives, or human occupancy. After deployment: CO2 and VOC levels dropped by over 40% Energy use decreased 12% due to smarter ventilation cycles Teachers reported fewer odor complaints and better classroom comfort The project won regional recognition and has since been adopted in several nearby municipalities. It’s a perfect example of VOC sensors moving from "nice-to-have" to "must-have" in public infrastructure. Recent Developments + Opportunities & Restraints Recent Developments (2023–2025) Sensirion launched its SGP41 VOC+NOx sensor in 2024, combining volatile organic compound detection with nitrogen oxide sensing — targeting air purifiers and smart home integration. Figaro Engineering introduced a new generation MOS VOC sensor in late 2023 with extended life expectancy and better humidity resistance, aimed at HVAC and wearable device markets. In 2025, Amphenol Advanced Sensors announced a partnership with a major U.S. EV manufacturer to embed multi-gas modules (VOC, CO2, PM2.5) in luxury electric vehicle models. Cubic Sensor & Instrument Co. expanded operations in India with a new VOC sensor assembly facility, seeking to localize production for Asia-Pacific markets and shorten lead times. Aeroqual rolled out an AI-enabled environmental monitoring platform integrating VOC data with meteorological inputs — currently in pilot testing with a city government in Australia. Opportunities Smart Infrastructure Demand: As cities upgrade ventilation systems in public buildings and transportation hubs, demand for VOC sensors will grow — not as standalone units, but embedded in broader air management systems. Electric Vehicles & Cabin Health: OEMs are positioning clean cabin air as a luxury feature. VOC sensors are becoming standard in next-gen EVs, especially in China, Europe, and the U.S. Green Building & ESG Reporting: With air quality metrics now feeding into ESG scores and LEED certifications, real-time VOC monitoring is becoming a key tool for commercial property owners. Restraints High Cost of High-Accuracy Sensors: Advanced PID- and FID-based sensors remain expensive and complex to operate, limiting adoption in smaller labs and developing regions. Calibration & Interpretation Challenges: VOC readings can be sensitive to humidity, temperature, and background interference — requiring frequent calibration and smart algorithms to ensure reliability. 7.1. Report Coverage Table Report Attribute Details Forecast Period 2024 – 2030 Market Size Value in 2024 USD 1.4 Billion Revenue Forecast in 2030 USD 2.65 Billion Overall Growth Rate CAGR of 11.6% (2024 – 2030) Base Year for Estimation 2024 Historical Data 2019 – 2023 Unit USD Million, CAGR (2024 – 2030) Segmentation By Product Type, Technology, Application, End User, Geography By Product Type Portable, Fixed By Technology Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS), PID, FID, Infrared By Application Air Quality Monitoring, Industrial Safety, Automotive Cabin, Smart Homes, Healthcare By End User Industrial, Automotive OEMs, Smart Building Integrators, Healthcare Facilities, Government By Region North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa Country Scope U.S., UK, Germany, China, India, Japan, Brazil, etc. Market Drivers - Tightening environmental regulations - Smart buildings and EV integration - Rising health and indoor air quality awareness Customization Option Available upon request Frequently Asked Question About This Report Q1: How big is the volatile organic compounds gas sensor market? A1: The global VOC gas sensor market was valued at USD 1.4 billion in 2024. Q2: What is the CAGR for the VOC gas sensor market during the forecast period? A2: The market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 11.6% from 2024 to 2030. Q3: Who are the major players in the VOC gas sensor market? A3: Leading players include Sensirion AG, Figaro Engineering, Amphenol Advanced Sensors, Aeroqual, Alphasense, SGX Sensortech, and Cubic Sensor & Instrument Co. Q4: Which region dominates the VOC gas sensor market? A4: North America currently leads due to strong regulatory enforcement and high adoption in HVAC and industrial sectors. Q5: What factors are driving the VOC gas sensor market? A5: Growth is fueled by urban air quality mandates, smart infrastructure upgrades, and demand for in-cabin air safety in EVs. Executive Summary Market Overview Market Attractiveness by Product Type, Technology, Application, End User, and Region Strategic Insights from Key Executives (CXO Perspective) Historical Market Size and Future Projections (2019–2030) Summary of Market Segmentation Market Share Analysis Leading Players by Revenue and Market Share Market Share Analysis by Product Type, Technology, Application, and End User Investment Opportunities in the VOC Gas Sensor Market Key Trends and Technology Shifts Mergers, Acquisitions, and Strategic Alliances High-Growth Segments and Emerging Niches Market Introduction Definition and Scope of the Study Market Structure and Key Findings Overview of Strategic Applications and Industry Use Cases Research Methodology Research Design and Data Collection Market Size Estimation and Validation Forecasting Techniques and Assumptions Market Dynamics Market Drivers Market Restraints Emerging Opportunities Regulatory Impact and ESG Considerations VOC Sensor Role in Health, Safety, and Sustainability Global VOC Gas Sensor Market Analysis Historical Market Size and Volume (2019–2023) Market Size and Forecast (2024–2030) Market Analysis by Product Type: Portable Fixed Market Analysis by Technology: Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Photoionization Detectors (PID) Flame Ionization Detectors (FID) Infrared Sensors Market Analysis by Application: Air Quality Monitoring Industrial Safety Automotive Cabin Smart Homes Healthcare Market Analysis by End User: Industrial Automotive OEMs Smart Building Integrators Healthcare Facilities Government and Environmental Agencies Regional Market Analysis North America: U.S., Canada, Mexico; Market Trends and Adoption Outlook; Regional Regulations and Smart Infrastructure Rollouts Europe: Germany, UK, France, Italy, Spain, Rest of Europe; Green Building Codes and EV Integration Impact Asia-Pacific: China, India, Japan, South Korea, Rest of Asia-Pacific; Industrial Growth and Urban Air Quality Challenges Latin America: Brazil, Argentina, Rest of Latin America; Regional Health Policy and Emerging Use Cases Middle East & Africa: GCC, South Africa, Rest of MEA; Smart Cities and Oil Sector Adoption Competitive Intelligence and Benchmarking Company Profiles Sensirion AG Figaro Engineering Inc. Amphenol Advanced Sensors Aeroqual Alphasense Ltd. SGX Sensortech Cubic Sensor & Instrument Co. Strategic Positioning and Technology Differentiation Partnerships, Product Roadmaps, and R&D Pipelines Appendix Abbreviations and Acronyms References and Source List Methodology Notes Customization Options List of Tables Market Size by Product Type, Technology, Application, End User, and Region (2024–2030) Regional Breakdown by Application and End User List of Figures Market Dynamics (Drivers, Restraints, Opportunities) Competitive Landscape Snapshot Regional Adoption Matrix VOC Sensor Use Case Roadmap (2024–2030) Market Share by Segment (2024 vs 2030)