PROTAC Inhibitors Market By Type (Bifunctional PROTACs, Molecular Glue Degraders); By Therapeutic Area (Oncology, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Autoimmune Disorders); By End User (Academic & Research Institutes, Specialty Oncology Centers, CROs, Pharma Companies); By Geography, Segment Revenue Estimation, Forecast, 2024–2030

Introduction And Strategic Context

The Global PROTAC Inhibitors Market is poised to grow at a projected CAGR of 28.7%, valued at USD 417 million in 2024, and expected to cross USD 1.9 billion by 2030, according to Strategic Market Research.

 

PROTACs, or Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras, represent a breakthrough in targeted protein degradation—offering a completely new modality in drug development. Instead of inhibiting protein function, these molecules hijack the cell’s natural degradation machinery to eliminate disease-causing proteins entirely. This shift has huge implications for drug-resistant cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, and previously “undruggable” targets like transcription factors.

 

Between 2024 and 2030, the market is expected to accelerate sharply, driven by rising oncology applications, stronger biotech pipelines, and growing interest from big pharma. At the same time, the early-stage nature of most clinical programs keeps the market in a speculative but high-growth zone. Investors see PROTACs as a frontier area, similar to what CAR-T therapies were a decade ago.

 

What’s shifting the narrative is clinical validation. Molecules like ARV-110 and ARV-471 are showing promising Phase II data in prostate and breast cancer respectively, which is helping build confidence around the platform’s versatility. If even a handful of these first-generation assets succeed, the floodgates could open for dozens of PROTAC-based drugs across indications.

 

From a strategic lens, this market is still early—but it’s already shaping the future of precision medicine. Traditional small molecule inhibitors often run into resistance or partial efficacy. PROTACs offer a way around that, by removing the target entirely. That’s not just innovation—it’s a paradigm shift.

 

Stakeholders are broad and fast-evolving. Biotech startups are leading innovation, but big pharmaceutical firms are entering aggressively via licensing deals and joint development programs. Research institutes and CROs are also vital here, especially in optimizing linker chemistry and E3 ligase selection. Regulatory bodies are engaging early, reflecting both the novelty and the long-term promise of this modality.

 

Globally, funding has ramped up. Several PROTAC developers raised multi-hundred-million-dollar rounds in the past two years, and at least five new players entered the space since 2023. Governments and public research funds, particularly in the US and China, are also supporting degrader-based drug discovery platforms—viewing them as strategically important to next-gen oncology and neurodegeneration pipelines.

 

Market Segmentation And Forecast Scope

The PROTAC inhibitors market is segmented across four key dimensions: by type, by therapeutic area, by end user, and by region. Each reflects a different axis of commercial viability and scientific complexity, with the therapeutic area segment showing the clearest monetization path over the next five years.

By Type

• Bifunctional PROTACs: These remain the dominant format in 2024, accounting for over 72% of preclinical and clinical assets. These molecules feature a ligand for the target protein, a ligand for an E3 ligase, and a chemical linker—providing modularity and high specificity. They're favored for oncology and early mechanistic validation.

• Molecular Glue Degraders: Simpler in design and often with better pharmacokinetics, glues are emerging as a promising subclass. They function by stabilizing interactions between target proteins and E3 ligases without needing a linker. Adoption is rising, particularly in hematologic cancers and CNS disorders, where chronic low-dose administration is key.

While bifunctional PROTACs dominate today’s pipeline, molecular glues are poised to grow faster in the second half of the decade due to formulation simplicity and oral bioavailability advantages.

 

By Therapeutic Area

• Oncology: Nearly 80% of active development programs are focused on cancer—primarily prostate, breast, multiple myeloma, and NSCLC. PROTACs are especially appealing here due to their ability to degrade oncogenic drivers and overcome resistance seen with kinase inhibitors or monoclonal antibodies.

• Neurodegenerative Diseases: A fast-emerging area, with PROTACs now targeting proteins like tau, alpha-synuclein, and huntingtin. Success here could unlock multibillion-dollar potential by addressing long-standing unmet needs in Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and ALS.

• Autoimmune Disorders: A nascent but high-potential segment. Companies like Kymera are pioneering IRAK4 and STAT3 degraders for lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory diseases.

While oncology leads in short-term monetization, neurodegeneration and immunology could define the next strategic wave of growth post-2027.

 

By End User

• Academic & Research Institutes: Core drivers in early-phase trials and preclinical optimization. They lead in biomarker discovery, patient stratification, and degrader mechanism validation.

• Specialty Oncology Centers: Expected to be first-line commercial adopters once approvals begin. These institutions have the capabilities for targeted diagnostics, infusion protocols, and adverse event management—particularly in treatment-resistant cancers.

• Contract Research Organizations (CROs): Essential during development stages, especially for toxicology studies, PK/PD modeling, and multi-region trial execution.

• Pharmaceutical Companies: Involved in late-stage development, manufacturing, and commercialization—often through licensing partnerships or M&A. Their role will grow as first-generation assets approach Phase III and regulatory submission.

In the near term, clinical use will remain concentrated in high-acuity centers, with broader adoption expanding as delivery formats simplify and regulatory frameworks evolve.

 

By Region

• North America: The epicenter of innovation and clinical trials, with over 60% of global PROTAC activity centered in the U.S. The FDA has been proactive in engaging with developers, offering early guidance on unique endpoints and biomarker strategies.

• Europe: A strong academic base supports robust R&D in the UK, Germany, and Switzerland. Regulatory approvals may lag slightly behind the U.S., but pan-European trial infrastructure and public-private research consortia make the region critical for long-term market expansion.

• Asia Pacific: The fastest-growing region, led by China, South Korea, and Japan. Local biotech firms are developing proprietary degrader platforms, while CROs and government-backed innovation zones are enabling global sponsors to accelerate trials and reduce costs.

• Latin America and Middle East & Africa (LAMEA): Still early-stage, but starting to feature in multinational trial networks. Infrastructure gaps and limited regulatory experience with novel modalities remain challenges, but select hubs in Brazil, Israel, and the UAE are showing early activity.

APAC’s momentum suggests it may overtake Europe in clinical volume by 2028, particularly as domestic players in China and South Korea scale up.

 

Scope -Wise, this segmentation captures more than just market structure. It reveals where risks and rewards are highest. Oncology dominates the short-term forecast, but neurodegeneration and immunology may define the second wave of PROTAC development. Similarly, bifunctional molecules hold near-term momentum, while glues could become the dark horse, especially in low-dose chronic conditions.

 

Market Trends And Innovation Landscape

The PROTAC (Proteolysis Targeting Chimera) inhibitors market is defined by fast-paced scientific discovery, rapid platform evolution, and growing industry collaboration. Unlike traditional drug classes, where innovation often comes through incremental changes, the PROTAC space is being transformed by foundational shifts in chemical biology and molecular design. The last two years have brought clear signs that this modality is maturing from a high-potential concept into a commercially viable therapeutic strategy.

E3 Ligase Expansion: Moving Beyond CRBN and VHL

Early PROTACs relied heavily on cereblon (CRBN) and von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) as E3 ligase recruiters. However, current R&D is focused on diversifying the E3 ligase toolbox, unlocking tissue-specific targeting and reducing resistance. Ligases like MDM2, DCAF15, KEAP1, and SOCS2 are now being incorporated into next-generation PROTAC designs. This trend is particularly critical for targeting intracellular proteins in hematologic malignancies, central nervous system (CNS) diseases, and autoimmune conditions.

By expanding the number of ligases that can be harnessed, developers are opening new tissue selectivity windows, improving bioavailability, and circumventing known resistance mechanisms—all of which are key to long-term clinical success.

 

Linker Chemistry Becomes a Strategic Differentiator

In modern PROTAC design, the linker is no longer a passive structural component—it is now treated as an active pharmacological variable. Developers are experimenting with:

• Cleavable linkers to reduce off-target toxicity.

• Macrocyclic linkers to enhance cellular uptake and binding kinetics.

• Hydrophilic/hydrophobic tuning to improve drug-like properties.

Some companies now treat linker innovation as core IP, using it to differentiate platform value, improve drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK), and extend half-life without compromising potency. This trend reflects a broader shift: chemistry optimization is just as critical as biology in this market.

 

AI and Predictive Design Accelerating Early R&D

AI-driven platforms are emerging as key tools in degrader design and screening. New capabilities include:

• Degron mapping and prediction algorithms to identify ideal target protein sites.

• Molecular dynamics simulations to model ternary complex formation in silico.

• Machine learning-guided linker selection, reducing trial-and-error cycles.

These technologies are helping reduce discovery timelines, especially for smaller biotechs with limited lab throughput. As a result, PROTACs are reaching preclinical validation stages faster, with higher predicted success rates.

 

Hybrid Modalities and Conditional Activation

Innovation is pushing beyond classical bifunctional PROTACs. New directions include:

• PhotoPROTACs: Molecules that are activated by light, enabling spatial and temporal control of protein degradation.

• Conditionally activated degraders: Designed to respond to pH, redox environments, or intracellular triggers, useful in tumor-selective or inflammation-targeted therapy.

• Dual-function degraders: Molecules that combine protein degradation with enzyme inhibition or immune modulation.

These hybrid modalities have the potential to offer unprecedented precision, particularly in localized cancers and chronic inflammatory conditions.

 

Platform Licensing and Strategic Alliances

Given the complexity of PROTAC chemistry and design, big pharma is opting to partner with degrader-specialist biotechs rather than building in-house platforms from scratch. Over the past two years, major deals have included:

• Multi-hundred-million-dollar licensing agreements for early-stage PROTAC platforms.

• Co-development deals with milestone-based payouts exceeding USD 1 billion.

• Joint ventures focused on target expansion, novel ligase exploration, and combination therapy pathways.

This signals that platform value, not just individual drug assets, is driving investment. Companies with flexible, modular PROTAC engines are commanding premium valuations.

 

Regulatory Evolution and Early Engagement

Although no PROTAC therapy has yet been approved by the FDA or EMA, both agencies are actively engaging with developers. Key developments include:

• The creation of mechanism-specific preclinical guidance, including expectations around degradation biomarkers and pharmacodynamic endpoints.

• Support for adaptive clinical trial designs, especially in oncology indications with high unmet need.

• Early discussions around companion diagnostics, particularly for degraders targeting mutant proteins or splice variants.

Regulators appear committed to enabling the modality—acknowledging its potential to reshape how diseases with no current druggable targets are treated.

 

Degrader-Centric Drug Discovery as a New Paradigm

Perhaps the most important trend is the rise of degrader-first drug discovery. Instead of retrofitting small molecules or antibodies to new targets, companies are beginning with the question: Can this protein be degraded safely and effectively?

This approach is already altering how targets are prioritized. For example:

• Transcription factors, long considered undruggable, are now top candidates in oncology.

• Neurodegeneration-linked proteins like tau and TDP-43 are under active exploration using brain-penetrant PROTACs.

• Viral proteins, such as those in hepatitis and latent herpesvirus infections, are also emerging targets for pathogen-directed degradation.

This shift has redefined what "druggable" means—pushing the boundaries of modern medicinal chemistry.

 

Conclusion: Innovation at the Intersection of Biology, Chemistry, and Data

The PROTAC market is no longer purely academic or speculative—it is transitioning into a mature innovation cycle. The most successful players are those that combine:

• Robust platform chemistry,

• Precision biological targeting, and

• Computational insights for rapid iteration.

As clinical data accumulates and more first-in-class degraders enter Phase II/III, the innovation curve will steepen further. In this environment, first-mover advantage is less important than platform adaptability and IP defensibility.

For investors, developers, and regulators, PROTACs represent more than a new drug class—they mark the emergence of a new drug development paradigm.

 

Competitive Intelligence And Benchmarking

The PROTAC inhibitors market is distinguished by a concentrated ecosystem of platform-driven biotech innovators, supported by deep-pocketed pharmaceutical partners betting on targeted protein degradation as the next major wave in precision medicine. Unlike fragmented therapeutic areas, this market is platform-centric—where competitive advantage stems from design agility, ligase library diversity, intellectual property (IP) control, and clinical execution speed.

While still in the pre-commercial phase, the landscape is already taking shape, with five to seven players emerging as front-runners based on clinical progress, partnership depth, and technical differentiation.

Arvinas 

Arvinas remains the global leader in PROTAC therapeutics, with its pioneering candidates ARV-110 (androgen receptor degrader) and ARV-471 (estrogen receptor degrader) progressing through mid-stage clinical trials. Both assets target treatment-resistant hormone-driven cancers and are now supported by a multi-billion-dollar partnership with Pfizer, focused on co-commercialization and global expansion.

• Strategic Strengths:

  • First-in-human validation of the PROTAC concept.

  • Robust degrader platform with a modular design for rapid asset development.

  • Extensive clinical data informing dosing, safety, and biomarker use.

Arvinas’ early traction has enabled it to build trust with regulators, institutional investors, and pharma partners—positioning it as the gold standard in the space.

 

C4 Therapeutics

C4 Therapeutics has established itself as a leader in modular degrader engineering, particularly in hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. Its proprietary TORPEDO™ platform enables flexible target engagement and rational design of bifunctional degraders.

• Lead Programs:

  • CFT7455 (IKZF1/3 degrader for multiple myeloma).

  • CFT1946 (BRAF V600 mutant degrader, now in Phase I/II).

C4’s in-house development model, spanning target identification to early clinical trials, enhances IP protection and operational control. It is seen as a serious contender for platform-scale commercial expansion.

 

Kymera Therapeutics 

Kymera has carved a unique niche by focusing on immunology and inflammatory diseases, while maintaining oncology development. Its IRAK4 degrader (KT-474), currently in Phase II, targets autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.

• Strategic Collaborations:

  • Partnerships with Sanofi (inflammation) and Vertex (oncology) provide development funding and global reach.

Kymera’s emphasis on chronic-use PROTACs is strategic—potentially offering higher patient retention and a different safety profile compared to oncology-focused agents.

 

Nurix Therapeutics 

Nurix is pursuing a differentiated strategy that combines E3 ligase modulation with degrader development. Its platform includes NX-2127, a BTK degrader with immunomodulatory properties, and NX-5948, a brain-penetrant BTK degrader designed for CNS lymphomas.

• Pipeline Strength:

  • Nurix holds a unique position in combining immunology and degradation within a single molecule.

  • Strategic partnerships with Sanofi offer validation and downstream commercialization opportunities.

Their approach underscores the potential of degrader platforms to expand into multi-modal pharmacology.

 

Big Pharma: Strategic Entry via Partnerships and In-House Programs

• Pfizer
  With its Arvinas collaboration, Pfizer has taken a co-leadership role in breast cancer-focused PROTAC development. The company’s internal pipeline may include follow-on PROTACs in hormone-sensitive cancers and hematologic indications.

• Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS)
  Through its acquisition of Celgene, BMS holds extensive cereblon IP and has quietly built internal degrader programs, some rumored to be in early-stage oncology pipelines.

• Novartis
  One of the earliest pharma adopters of targeted degradation, Novartis has a hybrid approach—licensing external assets while developing in-house capabilities, particularly around E3 ligase selectivity.

These incumbents are prioritizing partnerships with best-in-class platforms to derisk R&D while maintaining global commercialization capabilities.

 

Emerging Players in Asia

• Hanmi Pharmaceutical (South Korea)
  An early entrant in Asia’s degrader scene, Hanmi is leveraging its small molecule R&D legacy to develop bifunctional PROTACs. While programs are in preclinical stages, they reflect growing regional ambition.

• Jiangsu Hengrui (China)
  In 2024, Hengrui launched China’s first known domestic HER2-targeting PROTAC program in collaboration with a top academic center. This marks the start of Asia-led degrader innovation rather than simple technology importation.

Asia’s entrants may initially lag in clinical progress, but government support, localized trials, and fast-track approvals could allow them to close the gap quickly.

 

Regional Landscape And Adoption Outlook

Geographically, the PROTAC inhibitors market is still centralized around North America and parts of Western Europe, but the momentum is beginning to shift. As clinical programs mature and early signals of efficacy gain global visibility, newer regions are beginning to invest—either in localized R&D or as trial hubs to support global sponsors. The opportunity map is changing fast, and with it, regional strategies.

North America

North America continues to dominate—both in terms of funding and clinical pipeline density. The U.S. accounts for over 60% of all PROTAC-related clinical trials as of 2024, with Boston, San Francisco, and San Diego acting as innovation clusters. The region benefits from strong IP frameworks, active FDA engagement on novel modalities, and investor willingness to fund early-phase biotech with unproven science. Importantly, the FDA has been open to early scientific meetings and data-adaptive endpoints for PROTACs— signaling long-term institutional support.

 

Europe

Europe is not far behind in academic science but trails slightly in commercialization pace. Countries like the UK, Germany, and Switzerland are home to top-tier research institutes working on ubiquitin biology and protein homeostasis. That said, regulatory processes under the EMA tend to be more conservative, which could slow first-in-class approvals. Some firms are launching European trials specifically to meet EMA data preferences, even if their base is in the U.S.—a sign of how strategic the region still is for global expansion.

 

Asia Pacific

Asia Pacific, led by China, Japan, and South Korea, is the fastest-growing region in terms of both infrastructure and strategic intent. Chinese biotechs are licensing degrader technology aggressively and in some cases developing internal platforms based on publicly available E3 ligase research. The government’s emphasis on building world-class biopharma hubs—particularly in Shanghai and Shenzhen—is translating into early-phase PROTAC programs. There’s also a visible rise in CRO-driven activity here, as global players seek fast recruitment and diverse populations for oncology studies.

Japan, while more cautious, has been investing in translational research around targeted degradation mechanisms for neurodegenerative diseases. Given the country's demographic burden of aging and dementia, there is strong alignment between PROTAC mechanisms and long-term health system needs.

 

Latin America and the Middle East & Africa (LAMEA)

Latin America and the Middle East & Africa (LAMEA) remain limited in clinical activity but are starting to feature in trial site selections. Brazil and Israel have been involved in early toxicology studies as part of multinational trials. The broader region, however, lacks specialized infrastructure and has limited regulatory familiarity with novel modalities—making it less likely to lead development in the near term.

 

What’s interesting is how trial geography doesn’t always reflect future commercial demand. While the U.S. and EU will likely drive initial revenue, countries in Asia are investing with a view to eventual self-reliance. Several Chinese players are already positioning themselves to file NMPA-first approvals if global licensing terms prove restrictive.

 

Ultimately, this is not a market where regional players are waiting for Western validation. In some cases, they’re leapfrogging into development directly. Expect Asia Pacific to become a major force—not just in manufacturing or trials—but in IP generation and first-in-class asset creation by 2030.

 

End-User Dynamics And Use Case

End-user dynamics in the PROTAC inhibitors market are still in flux—primarily because no PROTAC-based drug has reached full commercial launch yet. That said, the early clinical and research adoption patterns offer strong clues about how and where these therapies will be used, once approvals begin. Unlike broad-spectrum chemotherapies or common biologics, PROTACs are expected to follow a more targeted, specialty-driven path to adoption.

Academic medical centers and research institutes are the current power users. These institutions are running early-phase trials, often in collaboration with biotech firms, and are deeply involved in refining patient selection, biomarker profiling, and molecular response tracking. For these centers , PROTACs represent more than a therapeutic—it's a translational research engine that helps unravel previously elusive disease biology.

 

Specialty oncology hospitals will likely be the first major commercial adopters. These centers typically treat patients with advanced, treatment-resistant cancers—precisely the segment most likely to benefit from targeted protein degradation. Given that many PROTACs in the pipeline are being tested in prostate, breast, and hematologic cancers, the therapy will initially be funneled through oncologists specializing in these areas. Clinical uptake here will depend on companion diagnostics, therapeutic monitoring, and reimbursement alignment—factors that these institutions are already set up to handle.

 

Pharmaceutical companies and contract research organizations (CROs) are also primary stakeholders—though their role is less about administering drugs and more about enabling development. CROs are being used extensively for preclinical toxicology studies, PK/PD modeling, and site management in global trials. Pharma companies, particularly those in licensing partnerships, are taking over once assets hit mid-stage trials. Their long-term role will expand to include scaled manufacturing, global distribution, and health economics modeling .

 

Community oncology networks and general hospitals are unlikely to be early users. The specialized administration protocols, biomarker dependencies, and narrow patient eligibility criteria of early PROTACs make them better suited for tertiary or quaternary care centers in the first wave. That said, as dosing simplifies and new indications emerge, broader use in high-volume centers could materialize by 2028 or beyond.

 

Regulatory and payer stakeholders are indirect but critical end users. They will shape which patient populations get access early, what kinds of real-world evidence are needed for reimbursement, and how degradation-based mechanisms are evaluated relative to inhibition-based therapies. A drug that shows partial efficacy but complete target elimination may challenge existing approval norms—creating a new playbook for market access teams.

 

Use Case Highlight

In a Phase II trial setting, a leading U.S. cancer institute tested a first-generation androgen receptor-targeting PROTAC in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer ( mCRPC ) who had failed multiple lines of therapy. Most of these patients had progressed on enzalutamide or abiraterone. Within three treatment cycles, several patients showed biochemical responses, including measurable declines in PSA levels and early radiographic stabilization. Unlike traditional inhibitors, the PROTAC agent showed sustained suppression even in AR splice variant-positive tumors. For clinicians, this was a compelling proof of concept—highlighting how complete protein removal could overcome resistance seen with conventional inhibition.

 

Recent Developments + Opportunities & Restraints

Recent Developments (Last 2 Years)

• Arvinas and Pfizer expanded their collaboration in 2023 for the co-development and commercialization of ARV-471, a PROTAC targeting estrogen receptors in breast cancer. The deal included milestone payments exceeding USD 1 billion, signaling strong pharma confidence in the mechanism.

• C4 Therapeutics initiated its Phase I/II trial for CFT1946 in 2024, a BRAF-targeting PROTAC intended for treatment-resistant solid tumors. Early data showed acceptable tolerability and early signs of disease stabilization.

• Kymera Therapeutics presented new preclinical data in 2023 on IRAKIMiD degrader programs for autoimmune disorders, revealing tissue-selective degradation with potential applications in systemic lupus erythematosus.

• Nurix Therapeutics advanced NX-2127 into clinical trials in late 2023, a dual BTK degrader with immunomodulatory activity. It is being evaluated in patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell malignancies.

• Jiangsu Hengrui and a local academic partner in China announced a new bifunctional degrader program in 2024, focused on HER2+ breast cancer, marking the first known domestic PROTAC initiative in the Chinese biotech space.

 

Opportunities

• Oncology Market Saturation with Inhibitors:
  As resistance to kinase inhibitors rises, PROTACs offer a distinct pathway by degrading the entire protein—including mutant and truncated forms that evade inhibition.

• Unaddressed Targets in Neurodegenerative Disease:
  Targets like tau, alpha-synuclein, and TDP-43, long considered undruggable, are now within reach using brain-penetrant degraders—potentially transforming treatment of Alzheimer’s and ALS.

• Next-Gen Platform Licensing:
  Biotech firms with differentiated E3 ligase libraries or linker chemistry IP are increasingly attracting multi-year, high-value partnerships with global pharmaceutical companies.

 

Restraints

• Uncertain Regulatory Pathways:
  No PROTAC has received FDA approval yet. Regulatory frameworks still lack clear guidance on preclinical models, degradation biomarkers, and long-term toxicity profiles.

• High Chemistry and CMC Complexity:
  Designing and scaling bifunctional PROTACs is chemically intensive, with unique formulation and stability challenges—especially for oral bioavailability.

 

7.1. Report Coverage Table

Report Attribute	Details
Forecast Period	2024 – 2030
Market Size Value in 2024	USD 417 Million
Revenue Forecast in 2030	USD 1.9 Billion
Overall Growth Rate	CAGR of 28.7% (2024 – 2030)
Base Year for Estimation	2024
Historical Data	2019 – 2023
Unit	USD Million, CAGR (2024 – 2030)
Segmentation	By Type, By Therapeutic Area, By End User, By Geography
By Type	Bifunctional PROTACs, Molecular Glue Degraders
By Therapeutic Area	Oncology, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Autoimmune Disorders
By End User	Academic & Research Institutes, Specialty Oncology Centers, CROs, Pharma Companies
By Region	North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa
Country Scope	U.S., UK, Germany, China, Japan, South Korea, Brazil, etc.
Market Drivers	Rising resistance to traditional inhibitors; Expansion of E3 ligase diversity; Increased pharma-biotech licensing activity
Customization Option	Available upon request