Pleural Effusion Market By Type (Transudative Effusion, Exudative Effusion); By Treatment (Thoracentesis, Indwelling Pleural Catheter, Pleurodesis, Pharmacologic Management); By End User (Hospitals & Specialty Clinics, Ambulatory Surgical Centers, Home Healthcare, Diagnostic Centers); By Geography, Segment Revenue Estimation, Forecast, 2024–2030

Introduction And Strategic Context

The Global Pleural Effusion Market is projected to reach USD 1.82 billion by 2030 , rising from an estimated USD 1.25 billion in 2024 , expanding at a CAGR of 6.4% during the forecast period, according to Strategic Market Research.

 

Pleural effusion — often referred to as “fluid on the lungs” — is not a single disease but a complication across multiple conditions such as pneumonia, congestive heart failure, lung cancer, and tuberculosis. The market sits at the intersection of diagnostic imaging, fluid management systems, and minimally invasive drainage solutions , making it a multidisciplinary segment within pulmonary and critical care medicine.

 

What’s changing today is how healthcare systems approach the management of pleural effusion. Historically, most cases were handled through manual thoracentesis under ultrasound guidance. But since 2022, there’s been a steady push toward image-guided, catheter-based drainage systems that can be left in place for chronic cases, especially in oncology and advanced heart failure. These devices have drastically reduced hospital stays and readmissions.

 

At the same time, diagnostic pathways are evolving. AI-assisted chest imaging algorithms are now being trained to detect early or asymptomatic effusions from routine X-rays and CT scans. Portable ultrasound, once reserved for ICUs, is now a standard tool in emergency departments and home-based care. This shift is making pleural effusion management faster, safer, and increasingly decentralized.

 

Several macro factors are reinforcing the market’s growth trajectory:

• The rising global incidence of lung cancer and congestive heart failure , both leading causes of pleural effusion.

• A growing geriatric population , which is more prone to pulmonary complications and recurrent effusions.

• Stronger adoption of image-guided minimally invasive procedures in both high-income and developing healthcare systems.

• The emergence of home-based pleural drainage kits , allowing patients with malignant effusions to self-manage under telemedical supervision.

From a strategic standpoint, the ecosystem is widening. Device manufacturers like BD, Teleflex, Cook Medical, and Rocket Medical are investing in indwelling pleural catheter technologies. Pharmaceutical companies are exploring intrapleural fibrinolytics and sclerosing agents to prevent recurrence. Meanwhile, hospitals and outpatient clinics are shifting to day-care drainage procedures, cutting inpatient costs.

 

To be honest, the pleural effusion space is becoming less about crisis management and more about proactive, precision-guided care. As imaging and drainage technologies converge, the focus is shifting from “removing fluid” to preventing reaccumulation , improving patient quality of life, and reducing hospital resource strain.

 

Market Segmentation And Forecast Scope

The pleural effusion market spans multiple touchpoints — from diagnostic confirmation to drainage, recurrence prevention, and long-term patient monitoring. To make sense of its evolving structure, the market can be segmented into By Type, By Treatment, By End User, and By Region . Each layer reflects a different clinical approach and technology mix shaping the industry between 2024 and 2030 .

By Type

• Transudative Effusion
  Typically linked to systemic causes like heart failure, cirrhosis, or nephrotic syndrome. While less complex clinically, it dominates case volume. These cases often rely on fluid management and conservative treatment.

• Exudative Effusion
  Associated with infections, malignancies, or inflammatory disorders. This segment is more device- and imaging-intensive — covering thoracoscopy , pleurodesis , and image-guided catheterization. Exudative effusion currently holds roughly 58% of market share (2024) , as oncologic and infectious cases require continuous intervention and advanced diagnostics.

 

By Treatment

• Thoracentesis
  Still the gold standard for initial diagnosis and relief. Portable ultrasound has made this safer and more accessible across hospitals and emergency units.

• Indwelling Pleural Catheter (IPC) Placement
  Fastest-growing segment, enabling outpatient management for recurrent effusions, especially in cancer patients. IPC adoption has accelerated due to evidence showing fewer hospital days and better patient autonomy.

• Pleurodesis (Chemical or Mechanical)
  Used to prevent recurrence, often in conjunction with oncology care. Innovations in sclerosing agents and catheter-based delivery systems are modernizing this method.

• Pharmacologic Management ( Fibrinolytics , Antibiotics )
  A supportive but critical component, particularly for empyema or loculated effusions. Drug-assisted drainage is gaining attention in complicated pleural infections.

Among these, indwelling pleural catheters are the star performer — both clinically and commercially — owing to the shift toward minimally invasive and home-based management.

 

By End User

• Hospitals and Specialty Clinics
  Continue to dominate the space, accounting for more than two-thirds of all pleural procedures. These facilities are equipped for ultrasound-guided thoracentesis, CT imaging, and in-hospital pleurodesis .

• Ambulatory Surgical Centers (ASCs)
  Emerging as preferred venues for day-case IPC placements, particularly in North America and Western Europe, where healthcare systems reward outpatient care.

• Home Healthcare Providers
  A small but growing segment driven by chronic cancer cases managed remotely. Portable suction devices and patient education programs are improving self-drainage adherence.

 

By Region

• North America — High adoption of advanced imaging, supportive reimbursement policies for IPCs, and early integration of AI-based effusion diagnostics.

• Europe — Strong clinical protocols, especially in the UK and Germany, with an emphasis on hospital-to-home transition models.

• Asia Pacific — Fastest growth rate due to rising cases of tuberculosis and malignancy-related effusions. Expanding hospital infrastructure and training programs are fueling adoption.

• Latin America, Middle East & Africa (LAMEA) — Gradual growth driven by the expansion of public health systems and import of portable drainage devices for low-resource settings.

Scope Note: This segmentation bridges both procedural and technological dimensions. The market is no longer defined solely by drainage equipment — it now includes imaging, catheter technology, adjunct pharmacotherapy, and even telemedicine support.

 

Market Trends And Innovation Landscape

The pleural effusion market is undergoing a quiet but meaningful transformation. Once dominated by basic thoracentesis kits and hospital-based procedures, it’s now evolving into a more dynamic ecosystem — where AI imaging, home-based drainage systems, and biologically active agents are redefi ning what “management” really means. Let’s unpack the trends shaping this shift between 2024 and 2030.

AI and Imaging Are Moving to the Frontline

Diagnosis is becoming faster and more automated. Artificial intelligence tools embedded in chest X-ray and CT imaging software are now capable of flagging subtle effusion patterns long before symptoms worsen. Some hospitals have integrated AI-driven triage systems that prioritize suspected pleural cases for radiology review. One UK hospital reported that integrating AI into its PACS system reduced radiologist turnaround times for effusion detection by almost 40%.

Ultrasound is also evolving. Portable, battery-powered devices are being used bedside in ICUs, emergency departments, and even home visits. They’re becoming smaller, cheaper, and smarter — equipped with pre-set imaging protocols for pleural scanning. This trend is central to low-resource and outpatient markets, particularly in Asia and Latin America.

 

Indwelling Pleural Catheters: From Niche to Mainstream

The use of indwelling pleural catheters (IPCs) has grown rapidly since the pandemic, as health systems began prioritizing outpatient and palliative pathways. Newer catheter systems feature anti-kink designs, one-way valve safety mechanisms, and antimicrobial coatings . Manufacturers like BD , Teleflex , and Rocket Medical are focusing on patient-friendly drainage systems that allow home management under remote supervision.

Clinicians are shifting mindset — from “draining fluid in hospital” to “helping patients manage fluid at home.” That single transition has huge cost implications for payers and providers alike.

 

Pleurodesis Is Getting Smarter

The traditional chemical pleurodesis process — often messy, painful, and unpredictable — is being refined. Companies are experimenting with sclerosing agents in controlled-release or foam-based formulations , which reduce discomfort and increase effectiveness. There’s also work underway on catheter-assisted pleurodesis , enabling simultaneous drainage and adhesion therapy through a single device. For cancer patients, this approach reduces the need for repeated procedures.

 

The Rise of Biologic and Drug-Assisted Interventions

Beyond drainage, pharmacologic management is gaining scientific credibility. Studies into intrapleural fibrinolytics (like tPA and DNase) have shown strong results for complicated or loculated effusions, particularly post-pneumonia. Meanwhile, researchers are exploring biologic sealants to minimize recurrence in malignant effusions — a potential game-changer if approved for commercial use later this decade.

 

Telehealth and Remote Monitoring Are Becoming Real

Telehealth integration for pleural effusion care isn’t theoretical anymore. Home patients with IPCs are now connected to clinicians via mobile health apps that log drainage frequency, fluid volume, and symptoms. These data feed into predictive analytics dashboards that can flag early signs of infection or catheter blockage.

This approach blends data science with patient comfort — a combination that health systems are increasingly willing to fund.

 

Collaborations and Academic Partnerships Are Accelerating Innovation

OEMs and research hospitals are teaming up to validate next-generation drainage devices and imaging workflows. Examples include academic–industry partnerships in the U.S. and Europe developing smart pleural catheters with embedded sensors capable of detecting pressure changes or infection.

Innovation in this space is no longer incremental — it’s systemic. Every advancement in imaging, device safety, or home care ties into one vision: to transform pleural effusion from a hospital-based emergency into a manageable chronic condition .

 

Competitive Intelligence And Benchmarking

The pleural effusion market is relatively concentrated, with a handful of medtech players leading the charge in drainage systems, diagnostic imaging, and pleural access devices . But what makes this market interesting isn’t just the technology — it’s how companies are repositioning themselves from “device manufacturers” to integrated pulmonary care partners . Below is a closer look at the current competitive landscape.

BD (Becton, Dickinson and Company)

BD remains one of the most dominant forces in thoracic and drainage solutions. Its portfolio covers thoracentesis trays, indwelling pleural catheters, and procedural kits . The company’s strategy centers on standardization and safety — simplifying complex bedside procedures with pre-packaged, sterile systems. Recently, BD has been developing low-profile catheter kits and integrating their systems into digital patient monitoring workflows. Their focus on training and procedural standardization keeps them firmly embedded in large hospital networks.

 

Teleflex Incorporated

Teleflex combines device innovation with procedural efficiency. Its PleurX ™ drainage system has become the benchmark for chronic effusion management, particularly in oncology and palliative care. Teleflex continues to invest in patient-centric design , introducing updated drainage bottles with better flow control and antimicrobial properties. Its strategy now emphasizes outpatient and home-based care , partnering with home health agencies to expand adoption beyond hospitals.

 

Cook Medical

Cook Medical’s pleural product range spans catheters, guidewires, and access kits , often used in both diagnostic and interventional settings. Its differentiation lies in material science and manufacturing flexibility , with a reputation for customization to meet clinician preferences. The company’s focus is shifting toward minimally invasive procedural efficiency — combining drainage, biopsy, and fluid analysis capabilities within unified kits to reduce hospital time and improve workflow.

 

Rocket Medical plc

UK-based Rocket Medical is a key European player in pleural effusion management. The company specializes in indwelling catheter systems, thoracentesis sets, and pleural aspiration kits designed for both inpatient and community use. What sets Rocket apart is its commitment to training and clinical education — it partners with hospitals and national respiratory societies to promote safe procedural standards. Rocket’s competitive strength lies in affordability and reliability, making it popular across the NHS and export markets in Asia and Africa.

 

Smiths Medical (ICU Medical Inc.)

Smiths Medical offers a range of thoracic drainage systems used post-surgery and for pleural effusions. Following its merger with ICU Medical, the company has expanded its focus on closed, vacuum-assisted systems to reduce infection risks and enable continuous drainage. Their current R&D pipeline includes digital drainage monitors capable of tracking fluid volume in real time — a subtle but meaningful move toward connected respiratory care ecosystems.

 

Boston Scientific Corporation

Although not a traditional pleural effusion company, Boston Scientific has begun exploring interventional pulmonary tools that overlap with pleural management, particularly in oncology-related cases. The firm’s investments in image-guided navigation and bronchoscopic access systems could give it a strong entry point into hybrid pleural procedures by 2027–2028.

 

Emerging and Regional Players

• AngioDynamics and Cardinal Health have introduced procedural kits targeting smaller hospital networks and ambulatory centers.

• Sinapi Biomedical (South Africa) is designing low-cost thoracic drainage systems aimed at emerging markets.

• Several startups in Europe and Asia are prototyping smart pleural catheters with biosensor integration for infection monitoring.

 

Competitive Insights

• The top three companies — BD, Teleflex, and Cook Medical — hold over 55% of the global market share .

• Innovation is tilting toward patient-managed systems rather than hospital-exclusive ones.

• Strategic differentiation increasingly depends on clinical partnerships, remote care integration, and infection prevention features .

• Price competition remains secondary to reliability and training support — clinicians will pay for confidence, not just cost.

To be honest, the companies winning here aren’t simply building better tubes or bottles; they’re engineering trust — by reducing complications, enabling autonomy, and aligning with a care model that’s shifting steadily out of hospitals.

 

Regional Landscape And Adoption Outlook

The pleural effusion market shows wide geographic variation — shaped by healthcare infrastructure, disease prevalence, reimbursement models, and access to skilled clinicians. What’s clear is that no single region dominates across all dimensions: North America leads in innovation, Europe in procedural standardization, Asia Pacific in patient volume, and LAMEA in low-cost accessibility. Let’s break it down.

North America

North America remains the most mature and technologically advanced market for pleural effusion management, accounting for nearly 38% of global revenue in 2024 . The U.S. sets the tone here, driven by high prevalence of malignant effusions, congestive heart failure, and chronic pulmonary infections . Advanced imaging adoption — particularly AI-assisted chest radiography — is routine in major health systems. Hospitals such as the Mayo Clinic and Cleveland Clinic have integrated telehealth-based IPC follow-up programs , allowing cancer patients to drain at home under virtual monitoring.

Reimbursement coverage under Medicare and private insurance plans supports outpatient thoracentesis and indwelling catheter placements , encouraging hospitals to shift procedures outside inpatient wards. The U.S. also leads in clinical research, with academic–industry collaborations driving next-gen catheter trials.

Canada mirrors these trends but places greater emphasis on public health protocols and centralized supply chains. In both countries, pleural effusion care is increasingly seen as part of chronic respiratory management rather than acute event handling.

 

Europe

Europe’s pleural effusion market is well-structured but highly regionalized. The UK, Germany, and France remain the key revenue drivers due to their national respiratory disease programs and widespread adoption of ultrasound-guided thoracentesis as standard of care. The National Health Service (NHS) in the UK and several EU initiatives have promoted training for respiratory physicians in bedside pleural procedures — a critical factor behind reduced procedural complications. Germany’s emphasis on infection control and reusable drainage systems has led to a niche market for sustainable device designs. France and the Nordics are exploring home-based catheter management , supported by public insurance for oncology patients.

Eastern and Southern Europe are catching up fast, driven by EU funding for pulmonary health projects . However, limited access to high-end imaging and fewer trained pulmonologists remain barriers in countries like Romania and Greece.

Europe’s strength lies in consistency — even small hospitals follow strict procedural guidelines, which ensures steady device demand.

 

Asia Pacific

Asia Pacific is the fastest-growing region , projected to expand at 8.2% CAGR through 2030 . The growth here is volume-driven, with China, India, and Japan leading the charge. In China, rising cases of tuberculosis-related pleural effusions and lung cancer are driving both diagnostic and interventional demand. Government-backed hospital expansion projects are boosting procedural capacity. Domestic manufacturers are also beginning to compete with Western brands by offering low-cost thoracentesis and drainage kits.

India shows parallel growth, driven by public-private hospital investments and an expanding oncology and critical care infrastructure . However, shortage of trained pulmonologists and limited awareness of home-based pleural drainage remain structural challenges. Japan and South Korea, on the other hand, are pioneering image-guided pleural access using hybrid imaging modalities and robot-assisted biopsy systems , blending precision diagnostics with effusion management.

The region’s dual challenge is scaling capacity while maintaining procedural safety — a balance that favors companies offering affordable, easy-to-use drainage systems.

 

Latin America, Middle East & Africa (LAMEA)

This region remains underpenetrated but shows notable momentum. Brazil and Mexico dominate Latin America, supported by universal healthcare expansion and higher cancer detection rates. Brazil’s adoption of portable ultrasound-guided thoracentesis is improving early intervention, particularly in public hospitals. The Middle East , led by Saudi Arabia and the UAE, is investing heavily in tertiary hospitals equipped with dedicated thoracic care units. These countries often import drainage systems from European suppliers but are now encouraging local manufacturing partnerships .

Africa represents the frontier — where pleural effusion is still primarily linked to tuberculosis and bacterial infections . NGOs and government health agencies are deploying low-cost manual drainage kits and mobile chest X-ray units to rural clinics. South Africa and Kenya are emerging hubs for localized medical device assembly.

Overall, LAMEA is less about technology sophistication and more about accessibility — a gap that affordable, portable, and sterile devices can fill.

 

Regional Outlook Summary

• North America: Innovation and home-based care leadership.

• Europe: Standardization, training, and procedural safety.

• Asia Pacific: Volume and infrastructure expansion.

• LAMEA: Emerging opportunity through affordability and local partnerships.

In truth, geography defines strategy here. Companies that tailor pricing, training, and product configuration to regional realities will outperform those that try to globalize a single model.

 

End-User Dynamics And Use Case

The pleural effusion market revolves around a diverse mix of clinical environments — each with its own workflow, constraints, and expectations. What hospitals demand in terms of precision and safety differs sharply from what outpatient centers or home health agencies prioritize. Understanding these end-user nuances is critical to capturing long-term growth.

Hospitals and Specialty Clinics

Hospitals remain the core of pleural effusion management, accounting for nearly 70% of all global procedures in 2024 . They handle everything from diagnostic thoracentesis to video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) for complex or loculated effusions. Within hospitals, the trend is toward multidisciplinary pleural services — integrated teams of pulmonologists, radiologists, and thoracic surgeons operating under shared protocols. This model improves diagnostic accuracy and reduces unnecessary procedures.

Hospitals are also the primary adopters of AI-driven imaging tools and ultrasound guidance systems . Many tertiary centers have invested in portable scanners to make bedside drainage safer for critically ill patients. However, the challenge remains staffing: training nurses and residents in ultrasound-guided techniques is still uneven across regions, which is why pre-assembled procedural kits are in high demand.

Large hospitals are no longer just consumers of drainage equipment; they’re now centers of innovation, clinical trials, and training for pleural interventions.

 

Ambulatory Surgical Centers (ASCs)

ASCs are quietly redefining pleural care economics. These centers handle straightforward drainage and indwelling pleural catheter placements under local anesthesia, allowing same-day discharge. Their appeal lies in speed, safety, and lower costs — outcomes that align with insurer incentives for outpatient care. ASCs prefer compact, single-use drainage kits and rely on lightweight imaging systems for real-time guidance.

The model has gained particular traction in the U.S., the UK, and Australia , where procedural reimbursements now favor outpatient settings. For device makers, ASCs represent a crucial channel — demanding devices that combine efficiency, sterility, and minimal training complexity.

 

Diagnostic and Imaging Centers

While traditionally peripheral to pleural management, diagnostic centers now play a larger role in early detection and monitoring . With AI-based chest imaging and portable ultrasound, many imaging centers can identify effusions before they become symptomatic. In urban areas, some centers partner with pulmonologists to provide thoracentesis-as-a-service , a niche but growing model. This allows hospitals to reserve inpatient beds for more acute cases .

 

Home Healthcare and Palliative Care Providers

A small but strategically important segment. As indwelling pleural catheters (IPCs) become more reliable and easier to manage, home-based drainage is gaining acceptance among oncology and chronic heart failure patients. Home health nurses assist patients in draining pleural fluid, monitoring signs of infection, and coordinating with virtual care platforms.

In the U.S. and parts of Europe, telehealth dashboards now allow clinicians to remotely monitor drainage volumes and symptoms, flagging complications before they escalate. The emotional and economic benefits are substantial — fewer hospital visits, better comfort, and lower healthcare costs.

 

Academic and Research Institutes

Though representing a small revenue share, these institutions drive clinical innovation and device validation . They’re often the first to adopt experimental biologics, fibrinolytic protocols, or smart catheter systems. Their role is pivotal in bridging clinical research with market readiness.

 

Use Case Highlight

A tertiary care hospital in Melbourne, Australia , faced rising inpatient pressure from recurrent malignant pleural effusion cases — most requiring repeated thoracentesis and overnight stays. In 2023, the hospital implemented a structured outpatient pleural pathway , combining indwelling pleural catheter insertion and home telemonitoring . Patients drained fluid independently, with remote oversight via a mobile dashboard linked to the pulmonology team.

Within nine months, inpatient admissions dropped by 42% , and emergency visits related to pleural recurrence fell by nearly half. Patient satisfaction scores improved dramatically, particularly among late-stage cancer patients who could now remain at home.

This case underscores a fundamental truth — the future of pleural effusion care isn’t more hospital capacity; it’s smarter decentralization.

In essence, each end user type plays a complementary role: hospitals innovate, ASCs scale access, imaging centers detect early, and home care extends longevity. The companies that design solutions flexible enough to serve all four will ultimately define the next era of pleural effusion management.

 

Recent Developments + Opportunities & Restraints

The pleural effusion landscape has evolved rapidly over the last two years, driven by a wave of device innovation, AI integration, and regulatory green lights for minimally invasive management. What used to be a procedural niche is now a global convergence point between interventional pulmonology, oncology, and home-based care.

Recent Developments (2023–2025)

• BD launched an advanced indwelling pleural catheter (IPC) kit in early 2024, designed with anti-kink tubing, integrated valve locks, and reinforced antimicrobial barriers . The product was co-developed with leading U.S. cancer centers to improve outpatient drainage safety and reduce infection rates.

• Teleflex introduced the next-generation PleurX ™ drainage bottle with built-in flow control and ergonomic patient-handling features , aiming to make at-home pleural drainage simpler for elderly and palliative patients. The update aligns with Teleflex’s broader focus on home healthcare markets.

• Rocket Medical partnered with the UK’s National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) in 2023 to evaluate a new dual-lumen pleural catheter for simultaneous drainage and pleurodesis , potentially eliminating the need for separate interventions.

• Cook Medical began clinical testing of “smart pleural catheters” equipped with pressure and temperature micro-sensors capable of detecting infection onset. The first pilot results, published in 2024, demonstrated early promise in remote infection monitoring.

• Siemens Healthineers and GE HealthCare announced imaging AI integrations for automatic pleural effusion detection within chest CT and X-ray workflows. Hospitals using these systems report faster diagnostic turnaround and better effusion quantification accuracy.

 

Opportunities

• Rapid Expansion of Home-Based Care Models
  Rising healthcare costs and patient preference for comfort are pushing effusion management toward home-based protocols. Vendors who design portable drainage systems with telehealth integration will see outsized gains, especially in North America and Western Europe.

• AI and Predictive Analytics in Early Detection
  The integration of AI imaging is improving effusion detection at subclinical stages. Future opportunities lie in automated fluid quantification, risk scoring, and recurrence prediction — tools that can reduce both readmission rates and procedural delays.

• Biologic Therapies and Advanced Sclerosing Agents
  Pharmaceutical companies are experimenting with biocompatible sealants and controlled-release pleurodesis agents to prevent recurrence in malignant effusions. These innovations could introduce a hybrid drug–device category by 2028–2030.

• Emerging Market Accessibility
  Developing regions face high disease burdens but low procedural access. Partnerships that localize manufacturing of low-cost drainage kits and training modules could open significant market white space in Southeast Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

 

Restraints

• Limited Clinical Expertise and Training
  Thoracic procedures like image-guided thoracentesis still demand specialized training. Many mid-tier hospitals lack pulmonologists skilled in ultrasound-guided drainage, leading to procedural hesitancy and underutilization of advanced devices.

• Cost Barriers for Catheter-Based Systems
  While indwelling catheters improve outcomes, they remain expensive for small hospitals and public systems. Reimbursement frameworks in developing economies are inconsistent, slowing broader adoption.

• Infection Control Concerns
  Despite improved design, pleural catheter-associated infections persist in some patient populations, particularly those under long-term outpatient care. This remains a clinical and regulatory challenge that manufacturers must address through next-gen coatings or remote monitoring sensors.
   

To be candid, the real challenge isn’t technology—it’s translation. Innovation exists, but scaling it across geographies and clinical skill levels will determine who leads this market in the next decade.

 

7.1. Report Coverage Table

Report Attribute	Details
Forecast Period	2024 – 2030
Market Size Value in 2024	USD 1.25 Billion
Revenue Forecast in 2030	USD 1.82 Billion
Overall Growth Rate	CAGR of 6.4% (2024 – 2030)
Base Year for Estimation	2024
Historical Data	2019 – 2023
Unit	USD Million, CAGR (2024 – 2030)
Segmentation	By Type, By Treatment, By End User, By Region
By Type	Transudative Effusion, Exudative Effusion
By Treatment	Thoracentesis, Indwelling Pleural Catheter, Pleurodesis, Pharmacologic Management
By End User	Hospitals & Specialty Clinics, Ambulatory Surgical Centers, Home Healthcare, Diagnostic Centers
By Region	North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa
Country Scope	U.S., UK, Germany, China, India, Japan, Brazil, Saudi Arabia, South Africa
Market Drivers	- Rising incidence of malignancy and heart failure-related effusions - Shift toward outpatient and home-based care - AI integration for early detection and monitoring
Customization Option	Available upon request