Indium Phosphide Wafer Market By Application (Telecommunications, Optoelectronics, Semiconductor Devices, Quantum Computing); By Wafer Size (2-inch, 3-inch, 4-inch); By End User (Telecommunications Providers, Semiconductor Manufacturers, Defense & Aerospace, Research Institutions); By Geography, Segment Revenue Estimation, Forecast, 2024–2030.

1. Introduction and Strategic Context

The Indium Phosphide Wafer Market will see a steady rise with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 5.4% , starting from a value of USD 1.5 billion in 2024 , and projected to reach USD 2.4 billion by 2030 , according to the latest Strategic Market Research . Indium phosphide ( InP ) wafers are crucial in the semiconductor and photonic industries, serving as a foundation for high-speed electronic components, optical systems, and fiber optic communications. Their specialized properties, including a high electron mobility and ability to handle high frequencies, make them a key enabler for modern technologies, especially in communications, defense , and research.

 

The growing adoption of high-speed communications, including 5G and beyond, is one of the major drivers for the market. Moreover, advancements in photonics, coupled with the expansion of high-speed data transmission networks, further accelerate the demand for Indium Phosphide wafers. Additionally, InP wafers are essential in developing cutting-edge devices used in quantum computing and optoelectronics.

 

Key stakeholders include original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) of semiconductor devices, telecommunications companies , military and defense contractors , and research institutions exploring quantum technologies. Governments and investors also play a vital role, with substantial funding allocated to photonic research and 5G development.

The market's growth trajectory reflects the expanding reliance on high-frequency communication systems, driven by technological advancements and the surge in demand for broadband capacity across the globe.

 

2. Market Segmentation and Forecast Scope

The Indium Phosphide Wafer Market can be segmented based on application, wafer size, end user, and geography. Here's a breakdown of each segment and its forecasted growth potential:

By Application:

• Telecommunications : Indium Phosphide wafers are integral to optical communication systems, including components like lasers, photodetectors, and modulators, used in fiber optics. With the ongoing expansion of 5G networks and increasing demand for high-speed internet, this segment is poised to lead market growth.

• Optoelectronics : These wafers are vital in producing photonic devices used for light detection and generation in various consumer electronics and industrial equipment.

• Semiconductor Devices : Devices such as high-speed transistors, laser diodes, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) rely on InP wafers, contributing significantly to growth in this segment.

• Quantum Computing : This is an emerging but highly strategic segment, as Indium Phosphide plays a critical role in the development of quantum bits (qubits) that drive quantum computing technologies.

Among these, the Telecommunications application is expected to hold the largest market share in 2024 , accounting for roughly 35% of the market, due to the ever-increasing demand for faster, more reliable communication systems.

By Wafer Size:

• 2-inch wafers : Used for small-volume production and niche applications.

• 3-inch wafers : Serve the needs of mid-sized semiconductor manufacturers.

• 4-inch wafers : Increasingly popular in large-scale production due to their higher yields and cost-efficiency.

The 4-inch wafer segment is expected to be the fastest-growing, driven by the shift towards higher production volumes in the telecommunications and semiconductor industries.

By End User:

• Telecommunications Companies : With the expansion of 5G networks and upcoming 6G developments, demand for Indium Phosphide wafers from telecom companies is forecasted to remain robust.

• Semiconductor Manufacturers : Companies that produce chips for various electronic devices, including mobile phones, data centers , and consumer electronics, are increasingly dependent on high-performance wafers.

• Defense and Aerospace : The defense sector requires high-frequency and high-performance components, boosting demand for Indium Phosphide wafers in radar and communication systems.

• Research Institutions : Advancements in quantum computing and photonics research drive the demand for Indium Phosphide wafers in academia and labs globally.

The telecommunications sector is expected to dominate in 2024 , followed by strong contributions from semiconductor manufacturers and research institutions as they align with the global push for higher bandwidth and quantum technology.

By Region:

• North America : The region will lead the market in 2024, with significant growth driven by the ongoing roll-out of 5G technology, the establishment of data centers , and the burgeoning interest in quantum computing. The U.S. also leads in funding for semiconductor research and development.

• Europe : Strong growth is anticipated, particularly in the telecommunications and aerospace sectors, as Europe focuses on digital infrastructure and high-tech developments.

• Asia-Pacific : The fastest-growing region, propelled by robust industrial expansion, particularly in countries like China, Japan, and South Korea. The rise of semiconductor manufacturing and communications technologies in these countries is pivotal to market dynamics.

• LAMEA : Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa, while underpenetrated, show promise in the coming years due to increasing infrastructure investments and the need for high-speed communication systems.

The growth in Asia-Pacific is especially noteworthy, driven by China and India’s aggressive investments in telecommunications infrastructure and semiconductor manufacturing, which is expected to further propel the market for Indium Phosphide wafers.

 

3. Market Trends and Innovation Landscape

The Indium Phosphide Wafer Market is being shaped by several key trends and innovations that are redefining its future landscape. These trends, driven by advancements in technology and market demand, are not only pushing the boundaries of InP wafer applications but also creating opportunities for new breakthroughs across industries.

Key Trends:

• 5G and Beyond : The rollout of 5G networks globally is one of the primary growth drivers for the Indium Phosphide wafer market. The demand for high-frequency components for faster data transfer, low latency, and enhanced connectivity makes InP wafers an essential material in the development of optical communication systems and high-speed wireless networks . As telecom companies prepare for 6G , the demand for advanced Indium Phosphide-based components is expected to further grow.

• Quantum Computing : One of the most exciting trends is the increasing adoption of Indium Phosphide wafers in quantum computing . Researchers are leveraging InP wafers to create qubits, the fundamental unit of quantum information. The unique properties of InP , particularly its high electron mobility and ability to withstand the cold temperatures required for quantum computing, position it as a crucial material in the development of future quantum technologies.

• Photonics and Optoelectronics Advancements : InP wafers are indispensable in the field of photonics , where they are used in laser diodes , photodetectors , and modulators . These components are critical in emerging technologies such as LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) and fiber optic systems , which are crucial in both autonomous vehicles and smart cities . As these applications expand, the demand for Indium Phosphide wafers for optoelectronic components is growing.

• Miniaturization of Devices : The trend toward miniaturization in consumer electronics, communications, and defense sectors is also driving demand for smaller, more efficient semiconductor devices. Indium Phosphide wafers are being utilized in smaller, more powerful transistors that can handle increasingly complex systems, paving the way for more compact and energy-efficient devices.

Innovation Landscape:

• Integration of AI and Machine Learning : Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are being integrated into the development of InP wafer production processes . AI algorithms are being used to optimize the crystal growth and wafer fabrication processes, leading to improvements in wafer quality, consistency, and overall yield. This trend is expected to improve the scalability of InP wafer manufacturing and lower production costs, enhancing the market’s overall competitiveness.

• Advanced Wafer Fabrication Techniques : Advances in epitaxial growth techniques and wafer bonding methods are revolutionizing the production of InP wafers. Innovations in wafer thickness reduction are enabling better performance for high-frequency applications, such as high-speed data transmission and photonics . These techniques are expected to drive further growth in applications requiring highly integrated and miniaturized systems.

• Collaborations and Strategic Partnerships : Several companies and research institutions are actively collaborating to enhance the capabilities of InP wafer-based devices. These partnerships aim to bridge the gap between research and large-scale commercialization of InP -based quantum computing, optoelectronics, and high-frequency components. For instance, semiconductor giants are partnering with quantum research labs to integrate InP wafers into next-generation quantum systems.

• Environmentally Conscious Innovations : As the semiconductor industry faces increasing pressure to minimize its environmental footprint, there is a growing focus on sustainable production methods for Indium Phosphide wafers. New techniques are being explored to reduce energy consumption during the wafer manufacturing process and develop more eco-friendly materials that can replace some of the more harmful substances used in traditional semiconductor production.

In the coming years, the integration of AI-optimized wafer production , advancements in photonics and quantum technologies , and the push towards miniaturization will continue to redefine the role of Indium Phosphide wafers in shaping the future of high-tech industries.

 

4. Competitive Intelligence and Benchmarking

The Indium Phosphide Wafer Market is highly competitive, with a range of global and regional players vying for market share. While some companies have established themselves as leaders in semiconductor manufacturing, others are capitalizing on specialized InP wafer technologies. Here's a breakdown of the key players and their strategic positioning:

Key Players:

IQE PLC

• Strategy : IQE is a global leader in the development and production of compound semiconductor materials , including Indium Phosphide wafers. They focus on providing high-quality wafers for telecommunications, defense , and photonic applications. IQE differentiates itself by its extensive research and development pipeline, which includes partnerships with academic and industrial institutions to explore cutting-edge applications in quantum computing and 5G technologies.

• Global Reach : Headquartered in the UK, IQE serves a global customer base, including major players in the telecommunications and defense industries.

 

Wafer Technology Ltd.

• Strategy : Specializing in high-quality Indium Phosphide wafer production , Wafer Technology focuses on small and large-scale production. The company’s strategy includes extensive customer support, offering tailored solutions for customers in the optoelectronics and semiconductor device sectors.

• Global Reach : Based in the UK, Wafer Technology is known for its strong partnerships with defense contractors and telecom giants , positioning itself as a key supplier for both small startups and large corporations.

 

Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.

• Strategy : As one of the largest global producers of advanced semiconductor materials , Sumitomo Chemical has made significant investments in expanding its Indium Phosphide wafer production capabilities . The company emphasizes a strategic focus on 5G technology and quantum computing , offering scalable solutions for high-performance applications.

• Global Reach : With a presence in Asia-Pacific , North America , and Europe , Sumitomo Chemical has a strong market presence and is increasing its footprint in emerging markets, such as China and India .

 

Skyworks Solutions, Inc.

• Strategy : Skyworks Solutions is a major player in the semiconductor space, focusing on RF components and optical devices . The company produces Indium Phosphide wafers for high-frequency applications like 5G networks and satellite communications . Their strategy includes heavy investment in R&D for 5G applications , automotive communications , and industrial IoT .

• Global Reach : Skyworks has a robust supply chain in North America and Asia , positioning itself as a key supplier to the telecommunications sector, particularly in the United States and China .

 

Aixtron SE

• Strategy : Aixtron is a leading equipment supplier for the semiconductor industry, focusing on epitaxial growth equipment for the production of Indium Phosphide wafers. Their equipment is widely used by manufacturers seeking high precision and scalability for quantum computing and photonics applications. Aixtron’s partnerships with leading research labs are propelling its growth in the emerging quantum computing segment.

• Global Reach : Based in Germany , Aixtron operates globally, with a particularly strong foothold in Europe and Asia , where quantum computing and photonics research are expanding.

 

Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation

• Strategy : Mitsubishi is increasing its focus on high-performance materials like Indium Phosphide to cater to the growing telecommunications and photonics sectors. Their strategy involves optimizing production methods to improve wafer quality, as well as focusing on sustainability by reducing the environmental impact of wafer production.

• Global Reach : Mitsubishi Chemical has a broad reach across Asia , North America , and Europe , with strategic expansions into emerging markets like India and Vietnam .

 

Competitive Dynamics at a Glance:

• Market Leaders : Companies like IQE PLC and Wafer Technology Ltd. are major players in the high-end semiconductor space, particularly for telecom and defense applications. Their competitive advantage lies in their established research capabilities and established relationships with large telecom operators .

• Growing Competitors : Players like Skyworks Solutions and Sumitomo Chemical are strong contenders, particularly in the 5G and quantum computing markets. They leverage their existing semiconductor manufacturing expertise and research investments to capture the high-frequency segment of the market.

• Emerging Players : Aixtron and Mitsubishi Chemical are becoming increasingly important in the specialized InP wafer production sector, particularly for quantum computing and photonics applications. Their ability to innovate in epitaxial growth and wafer bonding gives them an edge in creating wafers for advanced devices .

The competitive landscape of the Indium Phosphide wafer market is shaped by a mix of established semiconductor manufacturers and new entrants with specialized expertise in quantum computing and 5G applications . The success of these companies depends not only on technological advancements but also on their ability to maintain strategic partnerships with telecom operators, defense agencies, and research institutions.

 

5. Regional Landscape and Adoption Outlook

The adoption of Indium Phosphide ( InP ) wafers varies across regions, driven by differences in technological infrastructure, industrial needs, and economic factors. Each region has unique drivers for InP wafer adoption, from the development of telecommunications infrastructure to cutting-edge quantum computing research. Below is an overview of the adoption trends and growth prospects by region:

North America:

• Market Position : North America holds a leading position in the Indium Phosphide wafer market , with a dominant share in 2024 . The United States, in particular, is a major adopter due to its advanced telecommunications networks , defense applications , and quantum computing research .

• Key Drivers : The 5G rollout and quantum computing initiatives in the U.S. drive much of the demand for InP wafers. Moreover, high government and private sector investment in high-performance computing and fiber optic communication systems continues to fuel the market.

• Challenges : While the market is strong, challenges remain in terms of high production costs and the need for skilled labor to handle advanced fabrication techniques.

Europe:

• Market Position : Europe ranks second in market share, with strong growth expected due to its focus on sustainability , telecommunications infrastructure , and advanced research in quantum technologies.

• Key Drivers : Countries like Germany and the UK lead the charge with advancements in telecom networks and substantial funding for quantum computing . Additionally, France and Italy have increasing interest in high-frequency optoelectronics and fiber optic applications .

• Challenges : Regulatory constraints and cost pressures in production are significant barriers, especially as governments push for more eco-friendly materials in semiconductor manufacturing.

Asia-Pacific:

• Market Position : Asia-Pacific is the fastest-growing region for Indium Phosphide wafer adoption. China , Japan , and South Korea are the primary contributors, with India showing strong potential for future growth.

• Key Drivers : The rapid expansion of 5G networks , smart cities , and telecommunications infrastructure in China and India are major market drivers. In Japan and South Korea, defense and optical communications applications are significant contributors to InP wafer demand. Additionally, the push for quantum research in these countries further supports growth.

• Challenges : Despite strong demand, some developing nations in the region face challenges related to skilled workforce gaps , especially in remote or rural areas. There's also competition with silicon as a low-cost alternative, especially in developing economies.

Latin America (LAMEA):

• Market Position : The Latin America region is currently underpenetrated in terms of Indium Phosphide wafer adoption. However, there is significant potential for growth as demand for 5G infrastructure and telecommunications advancements increases.

• Key Drivers : Brazil and Mexico are driving demand, as they make substantial investments in telecommunications and optical communications . In particular, Brazil's efforts to modernize its telecom infrastructure and the growing interest in satellite communication technologies are key growth factors.

• Challenges : Economic instability, a reliance on imported technologies, and limited local manufacturing capabilities are challenges faced by the region. However, government-backed infrastructure projects are expected to improve the outlook in the long term.

Middle East and Africa (MEA):

• Market Position : The Middle East and Africa (MEA) region is still in the early stages of Indium Phosphide wafer adoption , but this market is poised to grow, driven by regional efforts to modernize telecommunications networks and expand broadband access.

• Key Drivers : Countries such as the UAE , Saudi Arabia , and South Africa are heavily investing in telecommunications networks and 5G deployment . These investments, along with a push toward advanced technologies like fiber optics and satellite communications , are set to fuel growth.

• Challenges : Limited infrastructure in many regions and heavy reliance on imported semiconductor technologies present challenges. However, the growing public-private partnerships in the telecom sector are expected to drive future market growth.

Overall, North America and Asia-Pacific are the current leaders in the Indium Phosphide wafer market, driven by strong telecommunications growth and research initiatives. However, regions like Latin America and the Middle East are catching up, especially with increasing investments in 5G and optical communications infrastructures.

 

6. End-User Dynamics and Use Case

The Indium Phosphide Wafer Market is shaped by a diverse range of end users, each with distinct needs and adoption patterns. From telecommunications giants to research institutions , the demand for high-performance materials like InP wafers is growing across several sectors. Here, we break down the end-user dynamics and examine a relevant use case to illustrate the operational value that Indium Phosphide wafers bring to these industries.

End-User Segmentation:

Telecommunications Providers :

• Adoption : Telecommunications companies are the largest consumers of Indium Phosphide wafers, primarily due to their use in fiber optic communication systems and high-frequency electronic devices like modulators, detectors, and laser diodes. The global roll-out of 5G and future investments in 6G technologies are driving demand.

• Needs : Telecommunications providers require high-performance components that offer low signal loss, high bandwidth, and enhanced data transfer speeds. Indium Phosphide is a preferred material for these applications, as it meets the stringent requirements of optical and high-frequency electronics.

• Value : The unique properties of InP wafers allow telecommunications companies to build faster, more reliable networks. As 5G and 6G technologies evolve, the demand for advanced materials like InP will continue to rise.

 

Semiconductor Manufacturers :

• Adoption : Semiconductor companies use Indium Phosphide wafers to manufacture devices such as high-speed transistors , LEDs , and laser diodes . InP is a key material for next-generation semiconductors , which are integral to mobile phones, consumer electronics, and computing devices.

• Needs : Semiconductor manufacturers require materials that can support high electron mobility and allow for smaller, faster, and more power-efficient devices. InP’s exceptional high-frequency capabilities make it an ideal choice for these applications.

• Value : The ability to create high-frequency components with smaller form factors allows semiconductor manufacturers to cater to the growing demand for compact and powerful electronic devices.

 

Defense and Aerospace :

• Adoption : The defense sector is a significant end user of Indium Phosphide wafers, particularly in radar systems , communications equipment , and optical sensors . These applications demand components that perform reliably in high-frequency and harsh environments.

• Needs : InP wafers are used to produce components for high-performance radar systems , secure communication systems , and satellite technologies . The critical nature of defense systems necessitates materials that can operate under extreme conditions with minimal failure rates.

• Value : The superior performance of InP wafers in extreme environments provides the military with critical communications and sensor capabilities, ensuring mission success in defense operations.

 

Research Institutions and Academia :

• Adoption : Research institutions are increasingly using Indium Phosphide wafers in the development of quantum computing and photonics technologies. Universities and labs focused on quantum physics , advanced computing , and optical systems are adopting these wafers to push the boundaries of innovation.

• Needs : Researchers require highly reliable materials that offer high electron mobility and precision for quantum computing qubits , laser technology , and advanced photonic devices .

• Value : Indium Phosphide’s role in advancing quantum computing and photonics research is becoming ever more significant, as it enables the development of the next generation of technologies that could revolutionize computing and communication systems.

 

Use Case Highlight:

A leading telecommunications provider in South Korea faced challenges in meeting the high bandwidth demands of 5G networks. As part of a major infrastructure upgrade, the company needed to develop new optical communication systems that could handle the increased data traffic while maintaining minimal signal degradation over long distances.

To achieve this, the company turned to Indium Phosphide wafers, which are ideal for producing laser diodes and modulators used in fiber optic systems. By integrating InP-based components, the provider was able to significantly enhance the data throughput and signal clarity of its network. This improvement allowed for faster 5G rollouts, reduced latency, and better network reliability for users across urban areas.

Additionally, the use of Indium Phosphide allowed the company to meet the stringent power efficiency standards required for high-speed 5G communications, helping them reduce operational costs in the long term.

This successful implementation of Indium Phosphide wafers demonstrated the value of advanced materials in scaling communication networks and supporting the next generation of wireless technologies.

The integration of Indium Phosphide wafers in telecommunications infrastructure showcases their critical role in enabling the high-speed, high-frequency performance that is essential for modern networks.

 

7. Recent Developments + Opportunities & Restraints

Recent Developments (Last 2 Years)

• Launch of 5G Solutions:
  In 2023, IQE PLC announced the development of advanced Indium Phosphide wafers optimized for 5G telecom applications. These wafers are specifically designed to support high-speed data transmission and low latency required for 5G networks. This move positions IQE as a key supplier for telecom giants seeking to upgrade their infrastructure.

• Quantum Computing Partnership:
  In 2024, Sumitomo Chemical Co. entered into a partnership with a leading university to develop Indium Phosphide-based quantum computing systems. The collaboration aims to scale up production of quantum bits (qubits) and leverage InP wafers for next-generation quantum processors. This strategic move underscores the increasing importance of Indium Phosphide in cutting-edge research.

• Production Expansion:
  Skyworks Solutions announced a major investment in Asia-Pacific to expand its production facilities for Indium Phosphide wafers, specifically targeting high-frequency 5G and satellite communication applications. This expansion reflects the growing demand for advanced semiconductors in Asia's booming telecom market.

• AI-Enhanced Production Techniques:
  In late 2023, Aixtron SE unveiled a new AI-driven epitaxial growth system for producing Indium Phosphide wafers. This system uses machine learning algorithms to optimize wafer quality and reduce production costs. The innovation could significantly boost scalability and lower the price barrier for mass adoption of InP wafers across industries.

• Environmental Commitment:
  Mitsubishi Chemical launched a new sustainable production line for Indium Phosphide wafers, focusing on reducing energy consumption and emissions during manufacturing. This initiative is aligned with the growing global push for more eco-friendly semiconductor production processes and enhances the company's competitive edge in environmentally conscious markets.

 

Opportunities:

• Expansion in Emerging Markets:
  As developing countries rapidly upgrade their telecommunications infrastructure to support 5G and future 6G networks, demand for Indium Phosphide wafers will skyrocket. India, Brazil, and Southeast Asia are prime examples of regions where telecom infrastructure development is set to fuel market growth. Companies that can position themselves in these markets with affordable and scalable solutions will see substantial growth.

• AI-Driven Innovations:
  The integration of artificial intelligence into wafer manufacturing processes presents a major opportunity for improving production yields and reducing costs. AI tools can enhance material properties, identify defects early, and automate quality control, making Indium Phosphide wafer production more efficient. This technological advancement will be crucial in scaling up production for quantum computing and next-gen telecom applications.

• Quantum Computing Boom:
  The increasing push for quantum technologies presents a significant opportunity for Indium Phosphide wafers in the quantum computing space. With quantum computing poised to revolutionize industries from finance to healthcare, the demand for high-performance quantum processors using Indium Phosphide is expected to soar. Research initiatives and collaborations in the U.S., Europe, and Asia will drive this growth.

• Telecommunications Upgrade:
  As 5G networks evolve into 6G and beyond, the demand for faster, more reliable communication systems will continue to drive the need for Indium Phosphide wafers. The ability of InP-based components to support high-frequency and high-speed communication will remain critical, ensuring that players in the telecommunications sector are well-positioned to meet future demands.

 

Restraints:

• High Equipment Costs:
  Despite the growing demand for Indium Phosphide wafers, their high production costs remain a significant restraint. The epitaxial growth process for producing InP wafers is complex and requires specialized equipment, making the wafers more expensive than alternatives like silicon. This cost barrier could slow the adoption of Indium Phosphide in cost-sensitive markets, especially in emerging economies.

• Skilled Workforce Shortage:
  As Indium Phosphide wafers are utilized in advanced telecom and quantum technologies, the need for highly skilled professionals in wafer fabrication and quantum system design becomes more pressing. The shortage of skilled workforce in semiconductor fabrication, especially in developing regions, could hinder market expansion. Training and development programs are crucial to addressing this gap.

• Limited Raw Material Availability:
  The availability of raw materials such as indium for wafer production can pose challenges. Global supply chain disruptions or geopolitical tensions affecting the availability of these critical materials could restrict production capabilities and impact the overall market.

The market's trajectory is largely influenced by advancements in telecom technologies, quantum computing, and AI innovations in production. However, issues like high production costs and a lack of skilled labor may pose challenges to broader market adoption, particularly in price-sensitive markets.

 

7.1. Report Coverage Table

The Indium Phosphide Wafer Market report provides an in-depth analysis of the market across key dimensions. Below is a summary of the report attributes, including market size, forecast period, segmentation, and key drivers:

Report Attribute	Details
Forecast Period	2024 – 2030
Market Size Value in 2024	USD 1.5 Billion
Revenue Forecast in 2030	USD 2.4 Billion
Overall Growth Rate (CAGR)	5.4% CAGR (2024 – 2030)
Base Year for Estimation	2024
Historical Data	2019 – 2023
Unit	USD Million, CAGR (2024 – 2030)
Segmentation	By Application, Wafer Size, End User, Geography
By Application	Telecommunications, Optoelectronics, Semiconductor Devices, Quantum Computing
By Wafer Size	2-inch, 3-inch, 4-inch
By End User	Telecommunications Providers, Semiconductor Manufacturers, Defense & Aerospace, Research Institutions
By Region	North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa
Country Scope	United States, China, Japan, South Korea, India, Germany, Brazil, UAE, South Africa
Market Drivers	Rising demand for 5G, quantum computing growth, optoelectronics advancements
Customization Option	Available upon request