Report Description Table of Contents Introduction And Strategic Context The Global EMV Smart Cards Market is projected to reach $14.6 billion by 2030 , growing from an estimated $9.8 billion in 2024 , at a CAGR of 6.9% during the forecast period (2024–2030), according to Strategic Market Research. EMV smart cards — named after Europay , Mastercard , and Visa — are chip-based payment cards designed to secure in-person financial transactions using dynamic data authentication. Unlike magnetic stripe cards, EMV cards generate unique transaction codes for every purchase, making them much harder to clone or misuse. Over the past decade, this standard has become the global norm for secure card-based payments. So what’s driving this growth now? It’s not just about upgrading from legacy systems. The demand is being fueled by a larger push toward fraud-resistant financial infrastructure , accelerated by payment modernization initiatives across both developing and developed economies. In places like India, Brazil, and parts of Africa, national rollouts of EMV compliance are being embedded into government-backed financial inclusion programs. There’s also a timing angle here. Many early EMV rollouts from the 2010s are now due for hardware refreshes. That includes POS terminals and even the cards themselves, which are being replaced with dual-interface cards — ones that support both contact and contactless transactions. That shift is critical as tap-to-pay adoption spreads, especially in urban retail, transit, and quick-service environments. From a regulatory standpoint, liability shifts introduced by card networks have forced banks and merchants to adopt EMV or bear the cost of fraudulent transactions. And while this shift happened years ago in the U.S. and EU, other regions are now catching up — particularly in Southeast Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. Stakeholders span a wide range. Card issuers , payment processors , terminal vendors , telecom operators , public transit agencies , and government ID programs all interact with the EMV ecosystem. Increasingly, security technology vendors and biometric integrators are entering the fold too, layering fingerprint or facial authentication onto EMV-enabled devices. To be honest, this isn’t a flashy market — but it’s a critical one. EMV smart cards form the backbone of trusted, scalable, offline-first payment systems. And in an era where cybersecurity and real-world fraud are rising in parallel, their value proposition is more relevant than ever. Market Segmentation And Forecast Scope The EMV smart cards market breaks down across four primary dimensions — each reflecting how different sectors deploy these cards for security, speed, and interoperability. Here's how the segmentation plays out: By Card Type Contact Cards: These remain the most widely deployed form of EMV cards. Users insert them into POS terminals, where the chip interfaces directly with the reader. They dominate in banking systems with legacy POS infrastructure, especially in developing markets where contactless upgrades are still underway. Contactless Cards: These are seeing the fastest growth. Dual-interface EMV cards (supporting both contact and contactless modes) are now the standard in countries with mature NFC terminal adoption. Think metro stations in Tokyo, tap-and-go transit in London, or retail stores across New York. As more urban environments support contactless readers, issuers are rapidly switching to this format — driven by consumer demand for frictionless payments. In 2024, contactless EMV cards are expected to account for just over 42% of new card issuances — a figure projected to cross 60% by 2028. By Interface Technology Chip & PIN: Still the default across Europe and parts of Asia. The cardholder authenticates with a 4- or 6-digit PIN, a secure method widely supported by retailers and banks. Chip & Signature: More common in North America — particularly in the U.S., where signature-based verification has lingered due to slower POS upgrades. That said, many issuers are phasing this out in favor of PIN or biometric methods. Biometric EMV Cards: A new and niche segment. These cards embed fingerprint sensors directly into the card. Ideal for high-security environments or unbanked populations with no formal ID. Trials are active in South Africa, France, and parts of the UAE. Though still under 5% of the total market, this segment is expected to grow double-digits annually through 2030. By End Use Financial Services: Still the lion’s share. Banks, fintech firms, and credit unions issue EMV cards for debit, credit, and prepaid applications. Reissuance cycles (every 3–5 years) drive consistent revenue, especially with the shift to dual-interface cards. Telecommunications: SIM cards are increasingly embedded with EMV chips, particularly for secure mobile payments and ID-linked connectivity. Some telcos now bundle SIM and payment card functionality into a single embedded chip. Government & Transportation: Government ID programs, social welfare distribution, and public transit cards are now adopting EMV standards for fraud protection. Cities like Lagos and Jakarta are rolling out EMV-based transit cards to integrate with banking ecosystems. By Region Segmented into North America , Europe , Asia Pacific , and LAMEA . Regional adoption patterns vary based on infrastructure maturity, regulatory frameworks, and card network mandates. Scope Note: While the EMV card may look the same worldwide, the business case behind each deployment varies wildly. A metro transit agency in Bangkok sees it as a ticketing tool. A bank in Brazil treats it as a fraud deterrent. A government in Kenya sees it as a gateway to financial inclusion. That’s why vendors are no longer just shipping cards. They’re offering end-to-end solutions — including key management , personalization services , card issuance platforms , and biometric enrollment — tailored by vertical and geography. Market Trends And Innovation Landscape The EMV smart cards market is undergoing a quiet evolution. What was once a static, hardware-first space is now shaped by advances in contactless tech , identity-linked biometrics , and even blockchain -based credentialing . Vendors are shifting from pure card manufacturing to integrated platforms that deliver security, speed, and future-proofing. Here’s what’s changing under the surface: Dual-Interface Is the New Default The biggest upgrade in the last three years? The widespread move to dual-interface cards . These support both contact and contactless payments — allowing a single card to work across legacy chip terminals and modern tap-to-pay readers. As merchant acceptance widens globally, issuers are no longer seeing this as optional. One payments executive noted, “If your card doesn’t support NFC by 2025, you’re already two years behind consumer expectations.” Biometric EMV Cards Are Moving from Pilot to Scale Fingerprint-authenticated smart cards are finally getting real traction. Banks in France, Turkey, and India have launched pilot programs using self-powered fingerprint sensors embedded into the card’s surface. These eliminate the need for PINs — a game changer in senior populations, illiterate users, or high-fraud geographies. What’s changed? The cost per unit has dropped below $20 , and battery-free models that harvest energy from the terminal are commercially viable. This tech is especially attractive in government welfare programs , where dual authentication (chip + biometric) can reduce fraud and ghost beneficiaries. Instant Issuance and Card Personalization Are Now Strategic As fintech startups compete with traditional banks, the ability to offer on-demand, branded, or co-designed EMV cards has become a customer acquisition lever. In response, card manufacturers are building micro-factories and issuing kiosks for real-time personalization — think in-branch card printing or digital banks shipping custom cards in under 24 hours. Also gaining ground? Eco-friendly materials like recycled PVC and corn-based bioplastics. While not directly tied to functionality, they are now part of the RFPs from ESG-conscious banks. Secure Element-as-a-Service ( SEaaS ) Platforms Are Emerging A new wave of startups and legacy vendors are turning the physical chip into a cloud-managed access token. These SEaaS platforms allow for dynamic credential updates — like toggling between payment, transit, or identity use cases — via over-the-air provisioning. This is especially relevant in closed-loop ecosystems like campus IDs, military bases, or mobile-first neobanks , where a single EMV card now controls building access, meal plans, and secure login — all updated without reissuing a physical card. AI and Fraud Detection Are Moving to the Edge Traditionally, fraud detection was a backend analytics function. But new EMV chipsets are embedding lightweight AI models directly into the card to flag anomalous behavior at the point of transaction. Some prototypes even auto-disable after a set number of declined attempts or unusual geo-pings. This is being piloted in parts of Latin America, where card cloning and skimming remain persistent threats. Blockchain for EMV Credential Management? It’s Being Explored A handful of firms are exploring blockchain to issue, track, and revoke EMV card credentials — particularly in contexts where traditional PKI is too rigid or expensive. No mainstream rollouts yet, but think applications in refugee identity, decentralized banks, or mobile-first regions where trust is a currency issue. Bottom line? The EMV smart card is no longer a passive payment tool. It’s becoming a programmable, adaptive, and even identity-linked credential hub — one that sits at the intersection of payments, security, and digital identity. Competitive Intelligence And Benchmarking This is not a crowded market — but it is a layered one. Most of the top EMV smart card vendors operate at the intersection of secure hardware, cryptographic services, card personalization, and fintech platform integration. What separates winners here isn’t just chip supply or card volume — it’s the ability to bundle services , localize operations , and stay ahead on compliance and fraud prevention . Here's how the top players stack up: Thales Group Thales is the undisputed heavyweight in the EMV card space after acquiring Gemalto — the former global leader. They control a massive share of both secure element manufacturing and data personalization services , especially in Europe and Asia. Their cards are embedded with Common Criteria-certified chipsets , and they offer banks everything from instant issuance systems to digital ID integration. They’ve leaned hard into dual-interface card rollouts , and are also piloting biometric EMV cards in France and the Middle East. Their edge? An unmatched global personalization footprint , with over 30 facilities worldwide that can locally encode customer data — essential for meeting data residency laws. IDEMIA IDEMIA combines scale with innovation. They’re known for their green EMV card line made of recycled PVC and metal-core cards targeting premium banking customers. But where they stand out is their biometric push — they’ve led dozens of pilots globally, integrating fingerprint sensors directly into cards without needing external power. They’ve also launched the Smart Metal Art platform, offering banks and fintechs fully customized EMV cards that combine branding and durability. This has helped them win contracts with neobanks in Latin America, India, and the U.S. One emerging trend they’re riding: the merger of card issuance and identity access — offering cards that work for both bank accounts and government welfare disbursement. Giesecke+Devrient (G+D) G+D’s strength lies in secure hardware and backend issuance software. They’re often the partner of choice for central banks and national ID programs needing EMV-level encryption for civic cards or transit fare systems. Their Convego platform allows modular card issuance — including mobile provisioning, tokenization, and lifecycle management. They’ve been pushing hard into Asia-Pacific , partnering with regional banks and telcos . G+D is also focusing on contactless adoption in lagging regions, offering bundled packages that include card readers and cloud-based fraud analytics. Watchdata Technologies A dominant player in China and Southeast Asia, Watchdata offers competitively priced EMV cards that meet UnionPay and Visa specs. They’re particularly strong in public transit cards , where they blend EMV with custom fare logic. Their ability to rapidly localize has made them a go-to for emerging market banks rolling out first-time EMV systems. While they don’t yet lead in biometrics or AI-embedded cards, their price-to-performance ratio is hard to beat — especially for governments rolling out millions of welfare or ID-linked cards. Infineon Technologies While not a card maker, Infineon dominates as a chip supplier . Their secure elements are found in over half of the world’s EMV cards, powering platforms like Java Card and MULTOS. They’ve recently launched AI-capable security chips that allow for on-chip anomaly detection — reducing reliance on external fraud monitoring systems. Their chips are now being integrated into biometric EMV prototypes , where power efficiency and data privacy at the edge are non-negotiable. Competitive Themes at a Glance: Thales and IDEMIA lead in premium, full-stack solutions for banks and governments G+D is winning on integration and backend control — key for issuing at scale Watchdata dominates in affordability and localization, especially in high-volume, price-sensitive markets Infineon is the invisible backbone — powering secure and increasingly intelligent chipsets What’s clear? The next wave of competition isn’t about just making cards — it’s about owning the ecosystem: chip to cloud, issuance to identity. Regional Landscape And Adoption Outlook Adoption of EMV smart cards has become nearly universal, but the pace, purpose, and maturity of that adoption vary dramatically across regions. In some countries, EMV cards are already the default. In others, they’re being introduced alongside massive upgrades in financial and identity infrastructure. The real picture is less about saturation — and more about how deeply embedded EMV technology is across public and private systems. North America The U.S. was late to the EMV game but has caught up fast. Since the liability shift in 2015 , banks have widely adopted chip-based cards, and POS systems have upgraded nationwide. Today, nearly all physical debit and credit cards in circulation are EMV-enabled — and more than 80% of face-to-face transactions are chip-authenticated. That said, chip & signature still lingers in the U.S., unlike Europe’s chip & PIN standard. Canada is further ahead — with contactless cards now dominant in retail and transit. What’s next? Biometric EMV pilots are starting, particularly in high-end banking and premium cards. There's also growing demand for metal-core EMV cards among fintechs and challenger banks looking to signal brand prestige. Europe Europe is the gold standard for EMV integration. Most countries transitioned years ago, and now the focus has shifted to fraud analytics , contactless optimization , and biometric upgrades . The EU also mandates Strong Customer Authentication (SCA) under PSD2, which makes EMV cards even more central to compliant payment flows. Markets like the UK, France, and the Nordics are now testing biometric EMV cards with fingerprint sensors and enhanced secure elements. Transit systems across London, Paris, and Amsterdam also support EMV-based ticketing — allowing riders to tap with their debit cards, no special pass needed. Banks are now differentiating via eco-friendly EMV cards , multi-application cards (payment + access + ID), and embedded loyalty platforms tied to the chip. Asia Pacific This is the fastest-growing market — and also the most diverse. In China, domestic UnionPay cards dominate, and many are EMV-compliant. In India, the RuPay network has adopted EMV specs for both debit and prepaid cards tied to Jan Dhan financial inclusion schemes. Southeast Asia is especially dynamic. Countries like Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam are upgrading national ID and health insurance cards with EMV-grade chips — blending payments, benefits, and identity into a single card . Meanwhile, urban transit agencies in Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand are adopting EMV for fare collection, often via dual-interface contactless cards . Expect a steep rise in biometric EMV pilots across APAC by 2026, especially in low-literacy or rural populations where PIN entry is a barrier. Latin America Adoption is well underway, but infrastructure gaps remain. Brazil and Mexico have nearly full EMV penetration across retail banking. Colombia, Peru, and Argentina are following, but with slower upgrades in rural areas. Contactless cards are growing fast, especially in urban retail environments and public transit. Biometric card trials are underway in Brazil , where fraud rates are high and unbanked populations are being targeted with smart debit solutions tied to government aid. Regional banks are partnering with local fintechs to issue dual-purpose cards — combining payment and identity features, sometimes linked with blockchain -style verification to reduce misuse. Middle East & Africa (MEA) A mixed bag. The Gulf states — UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar — are seeing rapid EMV growth, thanks to smart city initiatives and rising fintech activity. Dubai now supports EMV-based fare systems across its metro, and several banks are trialing premium biometric EMV cards . In Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, and South Africa are using EMV in government-to-person (G2P) payments — such as pension, health, and social welfare programs. The challenge? POS availability and merchant readiness. In many rural areas, EMV adoption hinges on portable terminals and offline transaction capability , which are increasingly in demand. NGOs and government donors are supporting programs that blend EMV chips into national ID or benefits cards , offering a secure bridge into digital finance for underserved populations. Key Regional Takeaways: North America : Saturated market, now focused on contactless and biometric upgrades Europe : Mature adoption, expanding into transit, identity, and sustainability use cases Asia Pacific : High-growth zone — massive opportunity in government, transit, and fintech Latin America : Fast retail adoption, now evolving into biometrics and ID-linked systems MEA : Split between high-end Gulf innovation and African inclusion-driven rollouts Regional success depends on more than EMV cards. It requires infrastructure, training, and regulatory clarity — and the vendors who grasp that are winning. End-User Dynamics And Use Case The value of EMV smart cards isn’t just in the chip — it’s in how, where, and why they’re used. End users across banking, telecom, government, and transit have very different goals. Some want airtight security. Others prioritize speed, offline capability, or personalization. And some are using EMV cards for functions that go well beyond payments. Here’s how the end-user landscape breaks down: Retail Banks and Fintechs Banks still drive the bulk of EMV card demand — especially for debit , credit , and prepaid issuance . For them, cards must balance compliance (PCI-DSS, PSD2), customer experience , and brand value . Most have now shifted to dual-interface cards that support tap-to-pay, especially for urban consumers. Fintech challengers — like neobanks and mobile-first platforms — are pushing for instant issuance, sleek packaging, and even vertical cards with embedded loyalty features. What matters to them? A fast, scalable card issuance partner with personalization options and secure chipsets that integrate with tokenized wallets like Apple Pay or Google Pay. Telecom Operators SIM cards are increasingly embedded with EMV-compliant secure elements. While this is a niche segment, it’s growing fast in regions where telcos offer mobile banking and identity-linked services . In some African and Asian markets, telecoms issue combo cards that work as SIM + prepaid payment cards — especially useful for the underbanked. This creates a hybrid use case: authentication + connectivity + finance on a single chip. Public Transit Agencies Transit systems are one of the most aggressive adopters of EMV-based contactless fare cards. These aren’t just prepaid cards — they support open-loop systems , where riders use their bank-issued EMV card directly at the turnstile. Cities like London, New York, and Singapore have rolled this out at scale. Meanwhile, smaller metros across Asia and Latin America are adopting white-label EMV cards issued by transit authorities but backed by global card networks . The key value driver here? Speed and interoperability — especially in high-volume environments where seconds matter. Government Programs Governments are increasingly turning to EMV cards for identity, benefits distribution, and social inclusion . These cards often carry multiple credentials — banking info, biometric authentication, and digital ID numbers. Examples include India’s RuPay -linked Aadhaar cards, South Africa’s biometric pension payout cards, and Nigeria’s NIMC-based financial inclusion programs. Why EMV? Because it works offline, is hard to clone, and can authenticate users with or without mobile connectivity. It’s also durable, cost-effective, and can be issued in bulk. Corporate and Campus Use In universities, corporate campuses, and military bases, EMV smart cards are being adopted as multi-function badges . A single card can unlock doors, log into systems, and pay for meals. These aren’t necessarily issued by banks — but they’re based on EMV specs because of their security protocols and upgradability . Some U.S. defense contractors, for instance, issue EMV-based access cards that double as travel expense accounts — all linked to enterprise finance platforms. Use Case Highlight: Biometric EMV in Rural Healthcare Payments In 2024, a public-private program in Kenya launched a biometric EMV smart card for rural health workers. The card combined: A secure payment chip A fingerprint sensor An offline authentication module Why? Most rural clinics had no internet, but fraud in salary disbursement and attendance reporting was rampant. By issuing biometric EMV cards to healthcare workers, the government ensured payments were only released when the actual worker clocked in , with the card verifying both ID and shift logs. Within six months, absenteeism dropped by 40%, ghost worker fraud was nearly eliminated, and rural retention of medical staff improved dramatically. Bottom line: EMV cards are no longer just for ATMs and checkout counters. They’ve evolved into trusted identity tools , policy delivery mechanisms , and even workforce accountability platforms . End users want more than secure plastic — they want solutions that solve operational problems in the real world. Recent Developments + Opportunities & Restraints Recent Developments (Last 2 Years) Thales partnered with a major European bank in early 2024 to launch its first biometric EMV card offering fingerprint authentication — no PIN required. The rollout targets high-net-worth clients in France and Germany. In 2023, IDEMIA introduced its Greenpay platform , offering banks a customizable EMV card line made from 85% recycled PVC, bundled with carbon offset services. Several fintechs in Latin America signed on within the first quarter. Watchdata collaborated with Southeast Asian transit operators to deploy EMV-based fare cards across Manila, Jakarta, and Ho Chi Minh City. The partnership also includes backend token management and white-labeled mobile wallets. G+D launched a modular personalization facility in India in 2024 to support real-time issuance of RuPay EMV cards with localized security credentials. This move aligns with India’s growing demand for compliant, low-cost chip cards tied to government schemes. Infineon Technologies unveiled a next-gen secure element in mid-2023 capable of on-chip behavioral anomaly detection , paving the way for future EMV cards to self-detect fraud or disable themselves upon suspicious use. Opportunities Financial Inclusion in Emerging Markets: Hundreds of millions in Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America still operate outside of formal banking systems. EMV cards — especially those tied to biometric ID or welfare systems — are becoming the on-ramp to financial inclusion. Governments are funding programs to deliver social aid, pensions, or digital IDs through secure, offline-compatible cards. Rise of Multi-Application EMV Platforms: Banks and institutions want more than just a payment card. EMV cards are now being embedded with applications like building access, transit passes, meal vouchers, or SIM credentials. The appeal? Fewer cards, lower admin overhead, and tighter security. Biometric EMV Cards at Scale: As production costs fall and sensor quality improves, fingerprint-enabled EMV cards are moving from high-end pilots to broad deployments. Expect growth across welfare systems, pension schemes, and mobile-first banking platforms — especially in rural or high-risk areas. Restraints High Cost of Biometric and Dual-Interface Cards: Despite falling prices, biometric EMV cards are still 3–5x more expensive than traditional chip cards. Dual-interface (contact + contactless) formats also require POS upgrades, which may be out of reach for smaller retailers in developing markets. Fragmented Infrastructure and Compliance Barriers: In many countries, POS systems, payment processors, and backend banking software still aren’t fully aligned with EMV specs — especially for advanced features like offline verification or secure biometric matching. Regulatory ambiguity around biometric data use adds another layer of complexity. 7.1. Report Coverage Table Report Attribute Details Forecast Period 2024 – 2030 Market Size Value in 2024 USD 9.8 Billion Revenue Forecast in 2030 USD 14.6 Billion Overall Growth Rate CAGR of 6.9% (2024 – 2030) Base Year for Estimation 2024 Historical Data 2019 – 2023 Unit USD Million, CAGR (2024 – 2030) Segmentation By Card Type, Interface Technology, End Use, Geography By Card Type Contact, Contactless, Dual-Interface By Interface Technology Chip & PIN, Chip & Signature, Biometric By End Use Financial Services, Telecom, Government, Transit, Corporate By Region North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa Country Scope U.S., Canada, UK, Germany, France, China, India, Brazil, South Africa, etc. Market Drivers - Shift to contactless and biometric payment systems - Rising fraud and regulatory push for EMV compliance - Government adoption of EMV for ID and benefits Customization Option Available upon request Frequently Asked Question About This Report Q1: How big is the EMV smart cards market? A1: The global EMV smart cards market is valued at USD 9.8 billion in 2024. Q2: What is the CAGR for the EMV smart cards market during the forecast period? A2: The market is expected to grow at a 6.9% CAGR from 2024 to 2030. Q3: Who are the major players in the EMV smart cards market? A3: Leading players include Thales Group, IDEMIA, Giesecke+Devrient, Watchdata Technologies, and Infineon Technologies. Q4: Which region dominates the EMV smart cards market? A4: Europe leads the market, driven by early EMV adoption, biometric pilots, and integrated transit systems. Q5: What’s driving growth in the EMV smart cards market? A5: Growth is fueled by the rise of contactless payments, government ID programs, and biometric authentication demand. Executive Summary Market Overview Market Attractiveness by Card Type, Interface Technology, End Use, and Region Strategic Insights from Key Executives (CXO Perspective) Historical Market Size and Future Projections (2019–2030) Summary of Market Segmentation by Card Type, Interface Technology, End Use, and Region Market Share Analysis Leading Players by Revenue and Market Share Market Share Analysis by Card Type, Interface Technology, and End Use Investment Opportunities in the EMV Smart Cards Market Key Developments and Innovations Mergers, Acquisitions, and Strategic Partnerships High-Growth Segments for Investment Market Introduction Definition and Scope of the Study Market Structure and Key Findings Overview of Top Investment Pockets Research Methodology Research Process Overview Primary and Secondary Research Approaches Market Size Estimation and Forecasting Techniques Market Dynamics Key Market Drivers Challenges and Restraints Impacting Growth Emerging Opportunities for Stakeholders Impact of Regulatory and Compliance Factors Technological Advances in EMV Smart Cards Global EMV Smart Cards Market Analysis Historical Market Size and Volume (2019–2023) Market Size and Volume Forecasts (2024–2030) Market Analysis by Card Type: Contact Cards Contactless Cards Dual-Interface Cards Market Analysis by Interface Technology: Chip and PIN Chip and Signature Biometric EMV Cards Market Analysis by End Use: Financial Services Telecommunications Government and Public Sector Transportation and Transit Corporate and Enterprise Market Analysis by Region: North America Europe Asia-Pacific Latin America Middle East & Africa Regional Market Analysis North America EMV Smart Cards Market Analysis Europe EMV Smart Cards Market Analysis Asia-Pacific EMV Smart Cards Market Analysis Latin America EMV Smart Cards Market Analysis Middle East & Africa EMV Smart Cards Market Analysis Key Players and Competitive Analysis Thales Group IDEMIA Giesecke+Devrient Watchdata Technologies Infineon Technologies Other Prominent Players Appendix Abbreviations and Terminologies Used in the Report References and Sources List of Tables Market Size by Card Type, Interface Technology, End Use, and Region (2024–2030) Regional Market Breakdown by Card Type and End Use (2024–2030) List of Figures Market Dynamics: Drivers, Restraints, Opportunities, and Challenges Regional EMV Smart Cards Market Snapshot for Key Regions Competitive Landscape and Market Share Analysis Growth Strategies Adopted by Key Players Market Share by Card Type, Interface Technology, and End Use (2024 vs. 2030)