Dry Heat Sterilizer Market By Product Type (Benchtop, Floor-standing, Vertical); By Application (Pharmaceutical & Biotech, Hospitals & Clinics, Laboratories, Academic & Research); By End User (Healthcare Facilities, Diagnostic Labs, Pharma Companies, Academic Institutions); By Geography, Segment Revenue Estimation, Forecast, 2024–2030.

Introduction And Strategic Context

The Global Dry Heat Sterilizer Market will expand at a steady CAGR of 6.5%, growing from an estimated USD 790.4 million in 2024 to approximately USD 1.15 billion by 2030, according to Strategic Market Research. While often overshadowed by steam-based sterilization systems, dry heat sterilizers have carved a specialized niche — particularly where moisture or pressure would compromise equipment or materials.

 

At its core, dry heat sterilization uses hot air that is either static or forced to achieve microbial inactivation. Unlike steam autoclaves, it doesn’t rely on water vapor, making it ideal for glassware, powders, metal instruments, and oil-based substances. This modality is especially relevant in pharmaceutical manufacturing, biotech labs, and clinical microbiology settings, where even trace moisture can alter chemical compositions or assay results.

 

Over the forecast period, the strategic value of dry heat systems is rising on two fronts: regulatory tightening and material compatibility. Regulatory agencies — including the FDA and EMA — have intensified process validation standards, requiring traceable, reproducible sterilization cycles that dry heat systems are well-positioned to deliver. In parallel, the surge in biologic drug production, custom medical device prototyping, and glass-packed injectables is renewing interest in moisture-sensitive sterilization.

 

Hospitals, once reliant primarily on steam sterilization, are also reassessing. With the rise of outpatient surgical centers and sterile processing units operating around the clock, there's a demand for low-maintenance, low-consumable sterilization options. Dry heat offers precisely that — no water, no pressure, no corrosion .

 

From a tech standpoint, dry heat sterilizers are evolving too. The latest models come with automated cycle documentation, HEPA filtration, rapid warm-up times, and enhanced insulation to improve energy efficiency. Some OEMs are even integrating IoT -based monitoring for validation traceability — a fe ature now seen as mandatory in GMP-compliant environments.

 

The stakeholder mix is equally diverse:

• OEMs are targeting high-growth lab and pharma segments with modular platforms.

• Healthcare facilities are adopting hybrid sterilization rooms, with dry heat units complementing steam-based systems.

• Academic labs and CROs are turning to benchtop models for protocol flexibility.

• Investors are showing interest in automation-friendly sterilization workflows — particularly in personalized medicine and bioprocessing.

To be honest, dry heat sterilization isn’t about replacing steam — it’s about where steam can’t go. And in that gray zone, this market is quietly scaling up.

 

Market Segmentation And Forecast Scope

The dry heat sterilizer market spans multiple use cases — from large-volume hospital sterilization to precise lab-grade applications — and its segmentation reflects these diverse operating environments. Below is a strategic breakdown of the market across four dimensions: Product Type, Application, End User, and Geography .

By Product Type

• Benchtop Dry Heat Sterilizers
  Compact, portable, and widely used in laboratories, dental clinics, and point-of-care setups. These models are typically favored for low-throughput sterilization and environments with space constraints. These units are the fastest-growing category — ideal for decentralized lab setups and private practices.

• Floor-standing Dry Heat Sterilizers
  Larger capacity systems designed for hospital CSSDs (Central Sterile Supply Departments), pharma plants, and high-volume labs. Known for higher cycle throughput and built-in validation controls.

• Vertical Dry Heat Sterilizers
  Less common but gaining traction in smaller hospital setups and emerging markets due to their space-saving footprint and ease of installation.

Benchtop systems currently account for around 38% of global revenue in 2024, driven by the rise of diagnostic labs, research incubators, and specialized outpatient care centers.

 

By Application

• Pharmaceutical & Biotech Manufacturing
  Used to sterilize glassware, vials, stoppers, and heat-stable powders. In GMP facilities, dry heat is often mandated for depyrogenation — especially where steam poses a contamination risk.

• Hospitals & Clinics
  Employed in sterilizing surgical instruments that are moisture-sensitive or may corrode with steam exposure. More often used in hybrid sterilization setups.

• Laboratory Use (Research, Pathology, Microbiology)
  A mainstay in microbiology labs, especially for sterilizing loops, glass tubes, and non- autoclavable materials. The rise in infectious disease research is boosting demand.

• Academic & Government Research Institutes
  These users prefer sterilizers with wide thermal ranges, accurate cycle tracking, and integration with lab data systems.

Pharma & biotech applications lead the segment, with strong adoption in Europe and Asia Pacific due to regulatory enforcement and injectable drug production.

 

By End User

• Healthcare Facilities
  Includes hospitals, surgical centers, and outpatient clinics. These users prioritize cycle repeatability, safety features, and ease of maintenance.

• Diagnostic Laboratories
  Often opt for compact units that fit bench workflows and minimize contamination risk. Increasing demand from molecular and point-of-care testing hubs.

• Pharmaceutical & Biotech Companies
  Favor dry heat for depyrogenation processes and for sterilizing APIs, packaging material, and filling line components.

• Academic Institutions & Research Centers
  Require multi-modal sterilizers for a variety of research tools, including instruments for genomics, tissue culture, and analytical chemistry.

Pharma companies and diagnostic labs are expected to drive the fastest growth, especially in Asia and Latin America where infrastructure is scaling fast.

 

By Region

• North America
  Strong adoption across pharma, hospitals, and life science R&D. FDA compliance remains a core driver.

• Europe
  High concentration of biotech hubs and public hospital networks. EU directives on sterilization protocols drive demand for traceable dry heat systems.

• Asia Pacific
  Fastest-growing region. Rapid lab expansion in India, China, and Southeast Asia is fueling demand — both for affordable and premium sterilization units.

• Latin America, Middle East & Africa (LAMEA)
  Demand primarily driven by government investments in pharma manufacturing and infectious disease labs. Portable and low-maintenance units are preferred.

 

Scope Note : This segmentation is no longer just technical — it's also commercial. Many vendors now offer product bundles, IoT integrations, or GMP-compliant cycle documentation tailored to these sub-segments, turning once-generic sterilizers into market-specific platforms.

 

Market Trends And Innovation Landscape

The dry heat sterilizer market is quietly evolving — not through flashy disruptions, but through targeted innovation that meets exacting industry standards. Whether it’s pharmaceutical-grade depyrogenation or low-footprint lab sterilization, manufacturers are building smarter, more efficient systems tailored to increasingly niche use cases.

Smarter Thermal Control and Cycle Uniformity

One of the most active areas of innovation is temperature stability. Precision is everything in dry heat sterilization, especially when dealing with biologics or sensitive packaging. Advanced models now feature:

• Multi-zone heat mapping to prevent hot/cold spots

• PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controllers for ultra-consistent cycle temperatures

• Rapid cool-down mechanisms for high-throughput needs

According to lab engineers, newer systems can now achieve ±1°C cycle accuracy, reducing rejection rates in GMP cleanrooms.

 

HEPA Filtration and GMP Integration

In pharma manufacturing and compounding pharmacies, sterilizers aren’t standalone units — they’re part of a regulated production line. That’s why high-end dry heat units now include:

• HEPA or ULPA filters for Class 100 air purity

• 21 CFR Part 11-compliant software for audit trails

• Integrated thermal validation sensors for in-cycle logging

Some manufacturers are also offering modular validation kits, allowing the same system to scale across both R&D and production lines without additional certification work.

 

Benchtop Innovation for Point-of-Care and Mobile Labs

As healthcare delivery decentralizes, there’s rising interest in compact sterilizers that work in non-traditional environments. Think: mobile labs, outbreak response units, and rural diagnostic centers. The response?

• Lightweight, low-power units (some under 20kg)

• Touchscreen interfaces with programmable memory presets

• USB and cloud sync for digital recordkeeping

These features reduce technician training time and meet the compliance needs of mobile diagnostic teams working in field conditions or developing regions.

 

IoT -Enabled Sterilization Ecosystems

Several OEMs are now moving beyond the product to offer connected ecosystems. Through IoT platforms, dry heat sterilizers can now:

• Log cycle data to cloud dashboards

• Send alerts for preventive maintenance

• Monitor chamber temperature remotely

• Support remote calibration and diagnostics

One U.S.-based sterilizer brand reported that its IoT module reduced maintenance downtimes by 35% across hospital installations.

 

Automation and Robotics Compatibility

In pharmaceutical settings, dry heat sterilization is increasingly integrated with automated filling and packaging lines. New sterilizer models offer:

• Automated loading/unloading via robotic arms

• Sensor-based door locking systems for contamination control

• Cycle validation tied into MES (Manufacturing Execution Systems)

This trend is enabling “lights-out” sterilization workflows — particularly valuable in high-volume injectable drug manufacturing.

 

Energy Efficiency and Sustainability

Dry heat has traditionally been energy-intensive, but that’s changing. The latest systems now feature:

• High-insulation chamber walls to reduce thermal leakage

• Heat recovery systems that reuse exhaust energy

• Eco-mode cycles for non-critical loads

As hospitals and labs push toward greener operations, vendors that can deliver both performance and energy savings are gaining traction.

 

Bottom line: Dry heat sterilization may not grab headlines like robotic surgery, but it’s quietly transforming through niche-specific innovations. The winners here aren’t just adding new features — they’re reengineering thermal platforms to fit seamlessly into 21st-century lab, pharma, and healthcare ecosystems.

 

Competitive Intelligence And Benchmarking

The dry heat sterilizer market isn’t saturated — but it’s sharp. The competitive field is a blend of legacy sterilization firms, lab equipment specialists, and a few pharma-centric OEMs that have mastered thermal process validation. What separates the market leaders isn’t just equipment — it’s how well they integrate compliance, reliability, and customizability into their platforms.

Getinge AB

A recognized name in hospital sterilization, Getinge has been steadily expanding its footprint in dry heat systems for pharma and biotech. Its sterilizers are built with GMP requirements in mind — featuring air recirculation, HEPA filtration, and real-time cycle monitoring. The company focuses heavily on automation-ready designs, which are favored by CDMOs and injectable drug manufacturers.

Getinge’s edge lies in its ability to offer turnkey sterile processing suites — not just isolated devices.

 

Tuttnauer

Tuttnauer is widely known for its benchtop and mid-sized sterilizers, particularly in lab and clinical markets. Its dry heat models are used across research labs, dental clinics, and diagnostics centers. Key differentiators include:

• Compact footprint for space-limited environments

• Intuitive touchscreens with multi-cycle programming

• Options for HEPA-filtered chambers in ISO 5 lab settings

Tuttnauer maintains strong distribution across Asia and Latin America, where cost-effective, rugged sterilizers are in high demand.

 

Memmert GmbH

Memmert brings German engineering precision to the lab sterilization space. Known for its dry heat ovens and sterilizers, Memmert targets life science labs, material testing facilities, and pharma quality control centers. Its USP? Highly customizable cycle parameters and microprocessor-controlled thermal mapping.

Their models appeal to academic and industrial R&D users who require non-standard cycle profiles, such as extended low-temperature sterilization or specific ramp-up gradients.

 

Thermo Fisher Scientific

While not a pure sterilizer manufacturer, Thermo Fisher offers integrated sterilization solutions via its laboratory ovens segment. Its strength lies in serving high-end research markets with precision-controlled drying and sterilization systems, often bundled with biological safety cabinets, fume hoods, and sample prep tools.

Thermo Fisher’s edge comes from brand trust and cross-platform integration — especially in U.S. university labs and federal research institutions.

 

Steelco (A Miele Group Company)

Steelco plays big in sterile processing — particularly within hospital and pharmaceutical manufacturing settings. Its dry heat sterilizers are GMP-compliant and often used for depyrogenation of glassware and stainless steel tools. Steelco units are known for:

• Fast cycle times with low energy consumption

• MES connectivity for pharmaceutical cleanrooms

• Multi-layered validation features

Steelco positions itself as a full-suite provider — from washers and autoclaves to dry heat and hydrogen peroxide sterilizers.

 

Benchmark Scientific

For U.S. research labs, Benchmark Scientific provides user-friendly benchtop sterilizers with digital PID controllers and USB data logging. These are widely used in teaching labs, contract research organizations, and incubators. The company competes on price, simplicity, and speed-to-deploy .

They’re not targeting hospitals — but they dominate the plug-and-play sterilizer space for education and biotech startups.

 

Competitive Dynamics Snapshot

Vendor	Primary Strength	Target Market
Getinge	GMP sterilization suites	Pharma & Biotech
Tuttnauer	Affordable benchtop systems	Clinical Labs & Dental
Memmert	Custom thermal control	R&D Labs
Thermo Fisher	Full lab ecosystem integration	Research Institutions
Steelco	High-throughput depyrogenation	Pharma Manufacturing
Benchmark Scientific	Portable sterilizers with data logging	Academic Labs

The competitive landscape isn’t about selling the most units — it’s about offering the right system to the right user. As hospitals, labs, and pharma firms diversify their sterilization needs, vendors that can scale, customize, and validate are best positioned to win.

 

Regional Landscape And Adoption Outlook

The dry heat sterilizer market shows starkly different patterns across regions — not just due to economic factors, but also because of how each geography views sterilization in the context of regulation, healthcare infrastructure, and industrial R&D. Some markets prioritize high-throughput pharma-grade depyrogenation. Others lean toward cost-efficient benchtop solutions for decentralized labs. Let’s unpack the regional dynamics.

North America

North America leads the global market in both value and standardization. The U.S., in particular, has a deep footprint across hospital CSSDs, pharma cleanrooms, and biosafety labs. Here, dry heat sterilizers are primarily used for:

• Depyrogenation of vials and ampoules in GMP drug manufacturing

• Sterilizing surgical instruments that can’t handle steam

• Research lab workflows in universities and government institutions

FDA regulations around thermal process validation and data logging have pushed many facilities to adopt 21 CFR Part 11-compliant systems, giving rise to strong demand for high-end sterilizers with audit-ready documentation.

There’s also a growing preference for IoT -integrated systems — driven by hospital administrators looking to tie sterilization into centralized quality management systems.

 

Europe

Europe’s market is quality-focused and regulation-driven. Countries like Germany, France, and the UK show strong demand for mid-to-large scale dry heat sterilizers, especially in:

• Biopharmaceutical production

• Public hospital sterilization suites

• National lab systems (e.g., for epidemiology or materials science)

The European Medicines Agency (EMA) and national health systems emphasize sustainability and energy use, so there’s rising demand for eco-efficient units with lower power consumption and smart cycle control.

Eastern Europe — including Poland and Czech Republic — is catching up. While these regions traditionally relied on autoclaves, recent EU funding programs have helped upgrade sterilization capabilities across hospitals and diagnostics labs.

Interestingly, several academic labs in Scandinavia are experimenting with solar-powered benchtop sterilizers for off-grid research stations — a potential micro-niche.

 

Asia Pacific

This region is experiencing the fastest growth, fueled by a surge in:

• Vaccine and biologic manufacturing (particularly in India and China)

• Lab expansion across diagnostic startups and academic R&D centers

• Government investments in medical infrastructure and infection control

China has aggressively upgraded hospital sterilization protocols in urban areas, and India’s biotech parks are adopting dry heat for vial prep and powder sterilization. Southeast Asia is seeing growth in lab testing centers — often funded through public-private health initiatives.

That said, affordability remains key. Many facilities opt for vertical or compact floor-standing units, favoring ruggedness over feature-rich systems. Domestic vendors in China and South Korea are gaining market share by offering localized support and regulatory alignment .

Japan and South Korea, on the other hand, are leading in high-tech lab sterilization — with fully automated dry heat systems integrated into AI-managed bioprocessing lines.

 

Latin America, Middle East & Africa (LAMEA)

Adoption here is more gradual — but shifting. In Brazil and Mexico, public health labs and university hospitals are key buyers, especially as government funding improves. Smaller labs often prioritize benchtop sterilizers that are easy to maintain and cost-effective .

In the Middle East, countries like Saudi Arabia and the UAE are investing in hospital infrastructure that includes hybrid sterilization suites — combining steam, hydrogen peroxide, and dry heat units. These countries often import from Europe and prefer fully validated systems that align with U.S ./ EU standards.

Africa remains underpenetrated. Most sterilization is still manual or steam-based. However, mobile labs and disease control programs in Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa are piloting dry heat sterilizers as a low-resource, no-water alternative.

 

Key Regional Insights

Region	Key Traits	Outlook
North America	Compliance-focused, tech-integrated	Mature, high-value growth
Europe	Energy efficiency, public health-led	Stable demand, eco-trend rising
Asia Pacific	Biotech boom, infrastructure scaling	Fastest-growing region
LAMEA	Gradual uptake, price sensitivity	Niche growth via public health & mobile labs

Bottom line: dry heat sterilization isn’t global in adoption — it’s regional in rationale. Each geography leans into it for different reasons. And the vendors who understand those nuances — from regulatory codes to funding flows — are the ones who’ll scale faster.

 

End-User Dynamics And Use Case

Dry heat sterilizers may be built on the same thermal principle, but their real-world use varies widely across user types. Hospitals, pharma plants, academic labs — each has different expectations around capacity, cycle time, validation, and budget. What they all share, though, is a need for reliable, low-maintenance sterilization, especially when steam isn’t viable.

Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities

For most hospitals, dry heat isn’t a primary sterilization method — but it plays a critical support role. These systems are used to sterilize items that:

• Can’t tolerate moisture or steam (e.g., sharp instruments, powders)

• Require depyrogenation before use

• Are made of corrosion-prone metals or glass

Large tertiary hospitals often deploy dry heat sterilizers in tandem with autoclaves, as part of hybrid sterilization workflows in their Central Sterile Services Departments (CSSD). The focus is on:

• Chamber volume for batch sterilization

• Ease of validation logging for infection control audits

• Thermal consistency to prevent failed cycles

Dry heat is also increasingly being used for specialty tools in ophthalmology and neurosurgery, where ultra-precise sterilization is critical.

 

Pharmaceutical and Biotech Companies

This is arguably the most rigorous use case . For drug manufacturers — particularly those producing injectables , biologics, or lyophilized drugs — dry heat sterilization is essential for:

• Depyrogenation of glassware

• Sterilizing stainless steel components

• Ensuring zero moisture retention

In these environments, sterilizers must integrate tightly with GMP protocols , MES platforms , and regulatory audit trails . Validation isn’t a nice-to-have — it’s mandatory. Sterilizer models here are often:

• HEPA-filtered

• Programmable down to the minute

• Fitted with real-time temperature mapping systems

These users demand long-term calibration support , cycle repeatability , and minimal downtime , making service contracts just as important as the machines themselves.

 

Diagnostic Laboratories and Research Centers

These end users have a different set of priorities: compact size, simplicity, and consistency. Dry heat sterilizers are used to prepare:

• Culture tubes and glass slides

• Inoculation loops

• Non-disposable lab tools

Pathology labs , COVID testing facilities , and molecular diagnostic units have increasingly adopted benchtop dry heat models — especially during the pandemic, when turnaround speed was essential.

Smaller labs tend to favor:

• Digital controls with preset cycles

• Minimal installation requirements

• Low energy consumption

Interestingly, some point-of-care labs have started using portable dry heat units in remote areas — especially in areas with unreliable electricity or water supply.

 

Academic Institutions and Teaching Labs

Universities and training hospitals often serve as first-time buyers of dry heat sterilization units. Their needs are basic but varied — sometimes sterilizing dozens of different tool types in one day. Features like:

• Multi-rack chambers

• Visual cycle indicators

• Quick reset functionality

…are more valuable than high-end connectivity. That said, with research funding on the rise, many academic labs are now upgrading to cloud-synced units with integrated documentation for research reproducibility.

 

Use Case Highlight: Biotech R&D Lab in Singapore

A mid-sized biotech firm in Singapore focused on mRNA vaccine formulation needed to upgrade its sterile prep workflow. Traditional autoclaves couldn’t be used for heat-sensitive components, and outsourcing sterilization delayed turnaround.

They invested in a modular dry heat sterilizer with PID-controlled depyrogenation cycles and integrated cycle logs. This enabled them to sterilize:

• Glass vials for formulation

• Stainless steel nozzles for microdosing equipment

• Metal racks for lyophilization stages

After implementation, the lab saw a 22% reduction in formulation cycle time , fewer lot rejections, and improved regulatory readiness during audits. The system paid for itself within 9 months through reduced downtime and outsourcing fees.

For high-stakes R&D, control over sterilization isn’t optional — it’s a competitive edge.

 

Bottom line : dry heat sterilizer adoption isn't just about thermal specs — it's about matching the real constraints and objectives of end users. The more adaptable the sterilizer, the more likely it fits into varied workflows — from pharma-grade cleanrooms to mobile diagnostics labs.

 

Recent Developments + Opportunities & Restraints

The dry heat sterilizer market may seem like a slow-mover, but beneath the surface, it’s steadily reshaping itself around three forces: compliance modernization , workflow automation , and emerging market scale-up . Let’s break down what’s changed recently — and what’s next.

Recent Developments (Past 2 Years)

• Getinge launches GMP-compliant dry heat depyrogenation tunnel (2023)
  Getinge expanded its pharma sterilization portfolio with a new tunnel-based dry heat sterilizer designed for high-throughput depyrogenation . It integrates real-time HEPA filtration , thermal mapping , and digital audit trails , aligning with FDA and EMA requirements.

• Tuttnauer introduces Wi-Fi-enabled benchtop sterilizers (2024)
  Tuttnauer’s latest benchtop models come with wireless data transmission , cycle tracking apps , and USB export for audit logs — targeting s mall clinics and diagnostic labs with limited IT infrastructure.

• Steelco announces MES-integrated dry heat solutions for aseptic manufacturing (2023)
  Steelco’s new sterilizer series supports seamless integration with Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) , enabling live status monitoring and remote validation in high-speed drug production lines.

• Memmert enhances thermal uniformity for precision lab users (2024)
  In response to biotech lab demand, Memmert upgraded its dry heat ovens with multi-point PID control and enhanced insulation . These systems can maintain temperature deviations within ±0.3°C across the chamber.

• Indian pharma CDMOs scale up dry heat capacity (2023–2024)
  Contract manufacturers in India, like Syngene and Gland Pharma, have invested in high-volume dry heat systems to meet global demand for sterile injectable drugs. Many are installing European-built sterilizers with IoT dashboards and automated loading systems .

 

Opportunities

• Expansion in Emerging Markets
  Rising lab and hospital infrastructure in India, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Sub-Saharan Africa is driving demand for affordable, rugged dry heat units . Government and NGO-backed programs are pushing local diagnostics capacity — creating room for mid-tier OEMs.

• Integration into Automated Manufacturing Lines
  As pharma manufacturers race to optimize throughput and reduce human error, dry heat systems that integrate with robotics, SCADA, and MES platforms will see heightened demand — especially in biologics and mRNA production.

• IoT and Data Traceability Adoption
  Compliance is no longer about documentation — it’s about real-time, tamper-proof data . OEMs that offer secure, cloud-synced cycle logs and predictive maintenance alerts will gain traction in both pharma and clinical segments.

 

Restraints

• High Capital and Validation Costs
  Unlike steam sterilizers, dry heat systems often require longer cycles, more insulation, and complex airflow design — making them more expensive to validate, especially for depyrogenation in GMP settings. Smaller facilities may hesitate to invest.

• Limited Trained Personnel in Emerging Markets
  Operating and maintaining dry heat sterilizers — especially IoT or MES-integrated models — requires skilled technicians . Many labs in emerging regions struggle with workforce readiness, leading to underutilization or misuse of advanced systems.

To be honest, the biggest barrier isn’t demand — it’s deployment. The market’s growth depends less on selling new hardware and more on making it easy to validate, connect, and operate across settings with vastly different capabilities.

 

7.1. Report Coverage Table

Report Attribute	Details
Forecast Period	2024 – 2030
Market Size Value in 2024	USD 790.4 Million
Revenue Forecast in 2030	USD 1.15 Billion
Overall Growth Rate	CAGR of 6.5% (2024–2030)
Base Year for Estimation	2024
Historical Data	2019 – 2023
Unit	USD Million, CAGR (2024–2030)
Segmentation	By Product Type, Application, End User, Geography
By Product Type	Benchtop, Floor-standing, Vertical
By Application	Pharmaceutical & Biotech, Hospitals, Laboratories, Academic
By End User	Healthcare Facilities, Pharma Companies, Labs, Research Institutes
By Region	North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa
Country Scope	U.S., Germany, UK, China, India, Brazil, Saudi Arabia, etc.
Market Drivers	- GMP-driven validation needs - Demand for moisture-free sterilization - Infrastructure growth in diagnostics and biotech
Customization Option	Available upon request