Digital Kiosk Market By Kiosk Type (Self-Service Kiosks, Information Kiosks, Ticketing Kiosks, Retail Self-Checkout Kiosks); By Component (Hardware, Software, Services); By End User (Retail, Hospitality & Food Service, Healthcare, Banking & Financial Services, Transportation & Travel); By Geography, Segment Revenue Estimation, Forecast, 2024–2030

Introduction And Strategic Context

The Global Digital Kiosk Market is projected to expand at a CAGR of 7.8% , rising from an USD 28.6 billion in 2024 to USD 44.7 billion by 2030 , according to Strategic Market Research.

 

Digital kiosks have quietly become a core component of modern self-service infrastructure. From airport check-ins and retail self-checkout stations to hospital patient registration and banking services, these interactive terminals allow organizations to serve customers faster while reducing staffing pressure. Between 2024 and 2030 , the technology is evolving from simple touchscreen terminals into connected, data-driven customer engagement platforms.

 

At its core, a digital kiosk is a self-service computing terminal equipped with a touchscreen interface, embedded software, and network connectivity . The device typically integrates hardware components such as displays, printers, scanners, card readers, cameras, and sometimes biometric sensors. These systems allow users to access information, complete transactions, or register for services without direct assistance from staff.

 

Several macro forces are accelerating adoption.

• First, labor shortages and operational cost pressures are pushing businesses toward automation. Retailers, restaurants, airports, and government agencies are investing in kiosks to maintain service levels while controlling staffing expenses. Self-service kiosks can handle repetitive tasks such as ticketing, order placement, bill payment, and visitor check-ins.

• Second, consumer behavior has shifted toward digital self-service . People now expect quick, contactless interactions. This expectation grew sharply during the pandemic and has persisted. For example, quick-service restaurants are deploying kiosks to allow customers to customize orders without waiting in line.

• Third, advancements in hardware and software ecosystems are expanding kiosk capabilities. High-resolution touchscreens, AI-powered analytics, cloud-based kiosk management, and mobile integration are turning these devices into smart engagement hubs. A kiosk today may not just process a transaction—it may analyze user behavior , personalize offers, and integrate with loyalty platforms.

 

Another important shift involves sector diversification . Historically, kiosks were associated mainly with transportation hubs and banking ATMs . That’s no longer the case. Retail stores, healthcare providers, hotels, entertainment venues, and public institutions are increasingly deploying digital kiosks to improve service efficiency.

 

The stakeholder ecosystem surrounding this market is broad. It includes hardware manufacturers, software developers, system integrators, retail chains, airport authorities, healthcare providers, financial institutions, and government agencies . Cloud platform providers and AI analytics vendors are also entering the value chain as kiosk platforms become connected devices within larger digital infrastructure.

 

To be honest, the kiosk is no longer just a machine sitting in a corner of a store. It’s turning into a frontline digital employee—handling transactions, gathering data, and shaping customer experiences.

 

Over the next six years, growth will be influenced by AI-driven interfaces, biometric authentication, contactless payments, and omnichannel retail strategies . Organizations that view kiosks as part of their broader digital transformation—rather than just hardware purchases—are likely to gain the most value.

 

Market Segmentation And Forecast Scope

The digital kiosk market spans several industries and technology layers. Adoption patterns vary widely depending on how organizations balance customer experience, operational efficiency, and transaction automation . To understand where growth is happening, the market can be analyzed across four core dimensions: kiosk type, component architecture, end-user industry, and geographic region .

By Kiosk Type

Digital kiosks are designed for different operational roles. The main categories include:

• Self-Service Kiosks
  These terminals allow users to complete transactions independently. They are widely used in quick-service restaurants, retail stores, ticketing systems, and transportation hubs . Customers can place orders, purchase tickets, check in for flights, or make payments without interacting with staff.
  This segment represents approximately 39% of the market in 2024 , making it the largest category. Its dominance stems from rising demand for automation in customer-facing environments.

• Information Kiosks
  Information kiosks are primarily designed to provide directions, product details, service information, or promotional content. These are commonly deployed in shopping malls, museums, hospitals, and government facilities .
  Although not transaction-focused, these systems are increasingly integrating interactive maps, QR scanning, and mobile integration to improve visitor engagement.

• Ticketing and Check-In Kiosks
  Airports, rail stations, and event venues rely heavily on kiosks for passenger check-in and ticket printing. Airlines were among the earliest adopters of digital kiosks, and transportation remains a strong deployment segment.

• Retail Self-Checkout Kiosks
  Retailers are increasingly installing self-checkout terminals to reduce queue times and optimize staffing. Large supermarket chains and convenience stores are accelerating this shift, particularly in North America and Europe .

Interestingly, the boundary between these kiosk categories is blurring. Many modern systems combine information display, ordering, and payment into a single multifunction terminal.

 

By Component

Digital kiosks operate through a combination of hardware infrastructure, software platforms, and service ecosystems.

• Hardware
  This includes touchscreen displays, processors, printers, barcode scanners, cameras, payment terminals, and biometric sensors . Hardware still represents the largest revenue share since every kiosk deployment requires specialized physical equipment.

• Software
  Kiosk software manages user interfaces, operating systems, application frameworks, and cloud connectivity . Modern platforms support remote device monitoring, software updates, and analytics dashboards.
  Software adoption is growing rapidly as businesses increasingly deploy cloud-based kiosk management platforms .

• Services
  Services include installation, integration, maintenance, and managed services . As kiosk networks scale across hundreds or thousands of locations, companies rely on service providers to maintain uptime and security.

 

By End-User Industry

Digital kiosks are deployed across several vertical industries:

• Retail
  Retailers use kiosks for self-checkout, product browsing, endless aisle solutions, and loyalty program enrollment .

• Hospitality and Food Service
  Quick-service restaurants use ordering kiosks to improve order accuracy and reduce wait times.

• Healthcare
  Hospitals deploy kiosks for patient registration, appointment scheduling, and wayfinding systems .

• Banking and Financial Services
  Financial institutions use kiosks for bill payments, account services, and document processing .

• Transportation and Travel
  Airports, rail networks, and bus stations rely on kiosks for ticketing, baggage tagging, and passenger check-ins.

Among these sectors, retail currently holds the largest market share , while healthcare is emerging as one of the fastest-growing adoption areas .

 

By Region

The global digital kiosk market is segmented geographically into:

• North America
  A mature market driven by widespread automation across retail chains, airports, and quick-service restaurants .

• Europe
  Strong adoption across transportation infrastructure and public services , supported by digital government initiatives.

• Asia-Pacific
  The fastest-growing regional market , fueled by rapid urbanization, expanding retail networks, and smart city initiatives in countries such as China, India, Japan, and South Korea .

• Latin America, Middle East & Africa (LAMEA)
  Growth is driven by airport modernization projects, banking expansion, and public sector digitization programs.

In many emerging markets, digital kiosks are also being deployed to bridge service gaps—particularly in government services and financial inclusion initiatives.

Overall, the segmentation highlights one key insight: digital kiosks are no longer limited to a single industry or use case . Their role is expanding as organizations seek automated, data-enabled touchpoints that can handle transactions, guide customers, and integrate with broader digital ecosystems.

 

Market Trends And Innovation Landscape

Digital kiosks are evolving quickly. What started as simple touchscreen terminals is now becoming a smart, connected interface between businesses and customers . The innovation happening in this market is less about the physical machine and more about the software, analytics, and experience layer surrounding it .

Several technology trends are reshaping how kiosks are designed, deployed, and managed between 2024 and 2030 .

AI-Driven User Interfaces

Artificial intelligence is beginning to influence kiosk interactions in subtle but powerful ways. Modern kiosks can now analyze customer behavior , transaction patterns, and interaction flows to improve the user experience.

For example, AI-powered systems can:

• Recommend products based on previous purchases

• Detect language preferences automatically

• Adjust menu layouts based on peak-hour demand

In quick-service restaurants, kiosks are being integrated with AI recommendation engines that suggest upsell items such as beverages or desserts during order placement.

In many deployments, kiosks are quietly acting as data collection engines—capturing valuable insights about customer behavior that were previously invisible in physical stores.

 

Contactless and Mobile Integration

Another major shift involves the integration of mobile devices and contactless technologies .

Consumers increasingly prefer interactions that reduce physical contact. As a result, kiosks now support features such as:

• QR code scanning

• NFC-based mobile payments

• Digital wallet integration

• Mobile app synchronization

A common example can be seen in retail environments where customers scan a product on the kiosk and then complete payment through their smartphone. This hybrid approach combines the convenience of kiosks with the familiarity of mobile devices.

Contactless capabilities are also becoming standard in healthcare registration kiosks and airport check-in systems .

 

Cloud-Based Kiosk Management

Managing hundreds or thousands of kiosks across different locations used to be operationally complex. Today, many operators are moving toward cloud-based kiosk management platforms .

These systems allow companies to:

• Monitor kiosk performance remotely

• Push software updates across networks

• Track transaction volumes in real time

• Manage content displayed on kiosk screens

Retail chains and transportation operators increasingly treat kiosks as part of their connected device ecosystem , similar to digital signage or IoT infrastructure.

This shift toward centralized management is reducing downtime and improving operational visibility for large kiosk networks.

 

Biometric and Identity-Based Authentication

Security and identity verification are becoming more important in sectors like banking, government services, and healthcare .

To address this, some kiosks are integrating biometric authentication technologies , including:

• Facial recognition

• Fingerprint scanning

• ID document verification

These systems allow users to verify their identity quickly while reducing fraud risks.

For example, airports in several countries are experimenting with biometric-enabled self-service kiosks that allow passengers to check in using facial recognition rather than boarding passes.

 

Modular Hardware and Flexible Design

Hardware innovation is also evolving. Vendors are now designing modular kiosk systems that can be customized for different environments.

These modular systems allow organizations to add or remove components such as:

• Payment modules

• Barcode scanners

• Thermal printers

• Cameras

• Biometric sensors

This flexibility helps businesses deploy kiosks tailored to specific use cases without purchasing entirely new systems.

Retail chains, for instance, may install compact countertop kiosks , while airports and stadiums may require large freestanding units with multiple peripherals .

 

Integration with Omnichannel Retail and Smart Infrastructure

Digital kiosks are increasingly integrated into broader omnichannel strategies . Retailers use kiosks to bridge the gap between physical stores and online platforms.

Customers can browse products not available in-store, check inventory across nearby locations, or place orders for home delivery directly from a kiosk.

At the same time, smart city initiatives are introducing kiosks into urban infrastructure . Interactive kiosks can provide public information, Wi-Fi connectivity, digital advertising, and emergency communication services.

So the role of kiosks is expanding beyond simple transactions. In many environments, they are becoming digital gateways connecting physical spaces with online services.

Overall, innovation in the digital kiosk market is shifting the focus from hardware deployment to intelligent service platforms . The companies that succeed will be those that combine AI, cloud connectivity, and flexible hardware design to create scalable, data-driven kiosk ecosystems.

 

Competitive Intelligence And Benchmarking

The digital kiosk market is moderately fragmented but led by a mix of global hardware manufacturers, specialized kiosk providers, and technology integrators . Competition revolves around several factors— hardware reliability, software integration capabilities, customization options, and global service networks . Vendors that combine hardware manufacturing with software ecosystems tend to hold stronger long-term contracts with enterprise customers.

Below is a strategic overview of several prominent players shaping the competitive landscape.

NCR Voyix Corporation

NCR Voyix remains one of the most influential companies in the kiosk ecosystem, particularly in retail and quick-service restaurant environments . The company has deep experience in self-checkout systems, POS integration, and payment processing platforms .

Its strategy centers on providing end-to-end retail infrastructure , combining kiosks with POS software, payment gateways, and analytics tools. Large restaurant chains and supermarkets often prefer NCR solutions because the kiosks integrate seamlessly with existing checkout systems.

In many QSR deployments, NCR kiosks act as extensions of the POS network rather than standalone devices.

 

Diebold Nixdorf

Diebold Nixdorf has historically focused on banking automation and financial self-service systems , but the company has expanded aggressively into retail automation.

Its kiosks support applications such as:

• Self-checkout

• Bill payments

• Banking services

• Customer service terminals

The company’s global reach and strong relationships with financial institutions give it a unique advantage in sectors where security and transaction reliability are critical .

 

KIOSK Information Systems

KIOSK Information Systems is widely recognized as one of the most specialized providers of custom self-service kiosk solutions . Unlike some competitors that offer standardized products, this company focuses on highly customized deployments .

Their solutions are frequently used in industries such as:

• Healthcare patient registration

• Government service portals

• Retail product browsing stations

• Airport service terminals

The firm differentiates itself through custom engineering capabilities and integrated hardware-software solutions tailored to enterprise clients.

 

Zebra Technologies

Zebra Technologies participates in the kiosk market through its broader portfolio of enterprise mobility, barcode scanning, and data capture technologies .

The company’s kiosks often integrate with inventory management, logistics tracking, and retail analytics platforms . Zebra's strength lies in enabling kiosks to interact with broader supply chain systems.

Retailers using Zebra solutions can connect kiosks with inventory databases, warehouse systems, and real-time stock tracking tools .

 

Advantech Co., Ltd.

Advantech focuses on industrial-grade computing platforms that serve as the backbone of many kiosk deployments.

Rather than selling complete kiosks in some cases, the company provides:

• Embedded computers

• Touchscreen displays

• Industrial processors

• IoT connectivity modules

These components are widely used by system integrators and kiosk manufacturers building custom solutions. Advantech’s emphasis on durability and connectivity makes its platforms popular in transportation, manufacturing, and smart city deployments .

 

Meridian Kiosks

Meridian Kiosks is known for designing interactive self-service terminals and digital signage kiosks for sectors such as healthcare, retail, and hospitality.

The company focuses heavily on customer engagement and digital experience design . Many of its kiosks integrate with content management platforms and advertising networks , allowing businesses to use kiosks for both service delivery and promotional campaigns.

 

Competitive Dynamics at a Glance

A few strategic patterns stand out across the market:

• Enterprise Ecosystem Strategy Large vendors like NCR Voyix and Diebold Nixdorf compete by integrating kiosks with broader payment, banking, or retail ecosystems.

• Customization and Integration Leadership Companies such as KIOSK Information Systems and Meridian Kiosks focus on tailored solutions that meet specific industry requirements.

• Hardware Platform Providers Technology suppliers like Advantech play a foundational role by providing the computing infrastructure used in kiosk systems worldwide.

• Data and Analytics Integration Increasingly , kiosk vendors are differentiating themselves through software platforms that collect user interaction data and integrate with enterprise analytics systems .

To be honest, the competitive edge is shifting away from just building kiosks. The real value now lies in managing large networks of kiosks and turning interaction data into actionable insights.

As digital kiosks become part of broader connected retail and smart infrastructure ecosystems , vendors that combine hardware reliability, software intelligence, and scalable management platforms will likely capture the largest share of future deployments.

 

Regional Landscape And Adoption Outlook

Adoption of digital kiosks varies significantly across regions. Differences in digital infrastructure, labor economics, retail maturity, and government digitization programs strongly influence deployment rates. While some regions already rely heavily on self-service technology, others are just beginning to integrate kiosks into public services and commercial environments.

Below is a regional breakdown of how the digital kiosk market is evolving globally.

North America

North America remains the largest and most mature regional market for digital kiosks.

Key factors driving adoption include:

• High labor costs encouraging businesses to automate customer interactions.

• Strong presence of quick-service restaurant chains and large retail networks deploying self-ordering and self-checkout kiosks.

• Rapid adoption of contactless payments and digital ordering systems .

• Early adoption of AI-enabled kiosks and cloud-based management platforms .

• Large-scale deployments in airports, movie theaters , healthcare facilities, and government offices .

The United States dominates regional demand, particularly in retail, hospitality, and transportation sectors . Many national restaurant chains now rely on kiosk-based ordering systems as a standard store feature.

North America is also a key innovation hub where vendors pilot new technologies such as biometric authentication and AI-driven recommendation engines.

 

Europe

Europe represents a well-established but steadily expanding market , supported by strong public infrastructure and digital service programs.

Key trends shaping the region include:

• Extensive use of kiosks in transportation hubs, including metro stations, rail networks, and airports .

• Increasing deployment in government service centers for document processing and citizen services .

• Growing adoption of self-checkout systems in supermarkets and retail stores .

• Strong regulatory focus on data privacy and secure digital transactions .

• Expanding use of kiosks in tourism-heavy locations such as museums, cultural centers , and public information hubs .

Countries such as Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and the Netherlands are among the leading adopters due to advanced digital infrastructure and high consumer acceptance of self-service technology.

 

Asia-Pacific

The Asia-Pacific region is the fastest-growing market for digital kiosks between 2024 and 2030 .

Growth is supported by several structural factors:

• Rapid urbanization and expansion of modern retail environments .

• Rising investments in smart cities and public digital infrastructure .

• Increasing deployment of kiosks in metro stations, airports, and shopping malls .

• Growth of digital payments and mobile wallet ecosystems .

• Expanding healthcare infrastructure using self-registration kiosks in hospitals and clinics .

Key countries driving growth include:

• China – large-scale smart city initiatives and retail automation.

• Japan – advanced use of kiosks in convenience stores and transportation systems.

• South Korea – strong integration of kiosks with digital payments and service automation.

• India – increasing deployment in government services, banking, and transportation networks.

In many Asia-Pacific cities, kiosks are becoming part of everyday urban infrastructure rather than isolated service terminals.

 

Latin America, Middle East & Africa (LAMEA)

The LAMEA region represents an emerging opportunity for digital kiosk vendors.

Key market developments include:

• Modernization of airport infrastructure and transportation networks .

• Growth of self-service banking terminals and bill payment kiosks .

• Increasing adoption of kiosks in shopping malls and public service centers .

• Government-led initiatives focused on digital access and service delivery .

• Expansion of tourism infrastructure , particularly in Middle Eastern countries.

Leading countries adopting kiosks include:

• Brazil and Mexico in Latin America

• United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia in the Middle East

• South Africa as a regional hub in Africa

However, adoption in several parts of the region remains constrained by limited infrastructure, higher upfront investment costs, and lower awareness of self-service technologies .

 

Key Regional Insights

• North America leads in technological innovation and enterprise deployments.

• Europe focuses heavily on public infrastructure and transportation-based kiosks.

• Asia-Pacific represents the fastest growth due to urban expansion and smart city programs.

• LAMEA offers long-term potential driven by infrastructure development and digital government initiatives.

Overall, regional expansion of digital kiosks closely mirrors global digital transformation trends. As organizations digitize customer interactions, kiosks increasingly serve as the physical access points to those services.

 

End-User Dynamics And Use Case

Digital kiosks are adopted across multiple industries, but each end-user group approaches deployment with different goals. Some organizations prioritize transaction speed , while others focus on customer engagement, operational efficiency, or service accessibility . Understanding how these systems are used across industries helps explain where the strongest demand is emerging.

Below is a breakdown of the primary end-user segments shaping the digital kiosk market .

Retail

Retail remains one of the largest users of digital kiosks. Large retailers and supermarket chains deploy kiosks to improve store efficiency and enhance the customer shopping experience.

Key applications include:

• Self-checkout systems that allow customers to scan and pay for items independently

• Product discovery kiosks that help shoppers browse inventory not available on shelves

• Endless aisle solutions enabling online ordering from inside physical stores

• Price verification terminals where customers can scan items for pricing details

Retailers benefit from reduced checkout congestion and lower staffing requirements.

Many retailers now treat kiosks as part of their omnichannel strategy, linking physical stores with e-commerce platforms.

 

Hospitality and Food Service

Quick-service restaurants (QSRs) and fast-casual dining chains have rapidly adopted digital kiosks for self-ordering systems .

These kiosks allow customers to:

• Browse menu items with visual displays

• Customize orders in detail

• Pay using digital payment methods

• Receive order confirmation instantly

Restaurants benefit through higher order accuracy, faster service, and increased average order value due to automated upselling suggestions.

Large global restaurant brands have already integrated kiosk ordering into their standard store layouts.

 

Healthcare

Healthcare providers use kiosks primarily to improve patient registration and administrative workflows .

Typical healthcare kiosk functions include:

• Patient self-check-in for appointments

• Insurance verification and document submission

• Appointment scheduling

• Hospital navigation and wayfinding systems

Hospitals deploy kiosks to reduce waiting times at reception desks and improve patient flow management.

Healthcare adoption is expected to grow steadily as hospitals pursue digital patient engagement strategies .

 

Banking and Financial Services

Financial institutions utilize kiosks to extend customer service beyond traditional teller counters.

Key applications include:

• Bill payments and financial transactions

• Account service inquiries

• Loan application assistance

• Document submission and identity verification

Banks also use kiosks to provide services in remote locations where full branch infrastructure may not be feasible .

 

Transportation and Travel

Transportation hubs have long been strong adopters of digital kiosks.

Major applications include:

• Airport passenger check-in terminals

• Baggage tagging kiosks

• Train and bus ticketing systems

• Travel information and wayfinding kiosks

These systems help reduce queues and streamline passenger movement through high-traffic facilities.

 

Use Case Scenario

A large tertiary hospital in South Korea recently deployed a network of patient self-service kiosks across its outpatient departments.

Previously, patients had to wait in line at registration counters for check-in and insurance verification. The hospital introduced kiosks equipped with ID card scanners, touchscreen interfaces, and payment terminals .

Patients could now:

• Scan identification cards

• Confirm appointments

• Update personal information

• Complete co-payments directly at the kiosk

Within the first six months of deployment:

• Registration wait times dropped by over 35%

• Administrative workload for front-desk staff decreased significantly

• Patient satisfaction scores improved due to faster service

This example highlights how digital kiosks are not just automation tools—they can directly improve operational efficiency and service quality in high-demand environments.

Overall, end-user adoption of digital kiosks continues to expand as organizations look for scalable, self-service solutions that reduce operational friction while improving user experience. Industries that deal with high customer volumes and repetitive transactions are likely to remain the strongest drivers of kiosk deployment in the coming years.

 

Recent Developments + Opportunities & Restraints

Recent Developments (Last 2 Years)

• 2024: NCR Voyix expanded its self-service portfolio by introducing next-generation restaurant kiosks designed to integrate directly with cloud-based ordering and payment platforms. The systems support advanced menu customization and digital payment options.

• 2024: Diebold Nixdorf enhanced its retail automation solutions by launching upgraded self-checkout kiosks with improved security features, faster barcode scanning capabilities, and integrated cash management systems.

• 2023: Zebra Technologies strengthened its retail technology ecosystem by introducing kiosk solutions integrated with real-time inventory tracking and mobile device connectivity for store operations.

• 2023: KIOSK Information Systems expanded its healthcare self-service solutions, developing kiosks designed for patient registration, appointment scheduling, and identity verification in hospital environments.

• 2023: Advantech introduced new industrial-grade embedded computing platforms optimized for interactive kiosk deployments across transportation, retail, and smart city infrastructure.

 

Opportunities

• Expansion of Smart Retail Environments
  Retailers are increasingly adopting digital kiosks to support self-checkout, endless aisle shopping, and product discovery systems, creating strong opportunities for kiosk vendors.

• Growth of Smart Cities and Public Digital Infrastructure
  Governments worldwide are investing in smart city initiatives where interactive kiosks provide services such as digital navigation, public information access, and municipal service portals.

• Integration with Artificial Intelligence and Data Analytics
  AI-enabled kiosks capable of personalized recommendations, behavioral analysis, and predictive service optimization are opening new opportunities for advanced digital engagement.

 

Restraints

• High Initial Deployment and Maintenance Costs
  Large-scale kiosk networks require significant capital investment in hardware, software integration, and long-term maintenance infrastructure.

• Security and Data Privacy Concerns
  As kiosks process sensitive user data and financial transactions, organizations must address cybersecurity risks and comply with strict data protection regulations.
   

7.1. Report Coverage Table

Report Attribute	Details
Forecast Period	2024 – 2030
Market Size Value in 2024	USD 28.6 Billion
Revenue Forecast in 2030	USD 44.7 Billion
Overall Growth Rate	CAGR of 7.8% (2024 – 2030)
Base Year for Estimation	2024
Historical Data	2019 – 2023
Unit	USD Million, CAGR (2024 – 2030)
Segmentation	By Kiosk Type, By Component, By End User, By Geography
By Kiosk Type	Self-Service Kiosks, Information Kiosks, Ticketing Kiosks, Retail Self-Checkout Kiosks
By Component	Hardware, Software, Services
By End User	Retail, Hospitality & Food Service, Healthcare, Banking & Financial Services, Transportation & Travel
By Region	North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa
Country Scope	U.S., UK, Germany, China, India, Japan, Brazil, etc.
Market Drivers	• Rising demand for self-service automation across industries • Growing adoption of digital payment systems and contactless technologies • Increasing investments in smart retail and smart city infrastructure
Customization Option	Available upon request