CBD Edibles Market By Product Type (Gummies, Baked Goods, Chocolates, Beverages, Savory Snacks, Others); By Source (Hemp-Derived CBD, Marijuana-Derived CBD); By Distribution Channel (Online Retail, Specialty Stores, Health Retailers, Supermarkets, Dispensaries); By Geography, Segment Revenue Estimation, Forecast, 2024–2030

Introduction And Strategic Context

The Global CBD Edibles Market is forecast to grow at a promising CAGR of 12.7%, with market size estimated at USD 6.9 billion in 2024, and projected to reach around USD 14.3 billion by 2030, according to internal analysis by Strategic Market Research.

 

CBD edibles—products infused with cannabidiol and consumed orally—have carved out a unique niche at the intersection of wellness, food innovation, and shifting global regulation. This category ranges from gummies and chocolates to baked goods and beverages, all offering a non-intoxicating alternative to THC while promising potential benefits like stress relief, improved sleep, and pain management.

 

So, why the spike in momentum now? Several macro forces are converging. On the regulatory side, countries like the U.S., Canada, Germany, and the UK are gradually opening up to hemp-derived CBD, particularly in food and supplement formats. This creates a legal runway for commercial launches that were previously confined to pilot programs or grey-market operations.

 

From a consumer standpoint, the wellness boom has expanded the CBD audience far beyond traditional cannabis users. Think busy professionals using CBD gummies for post-work calm, or seniors using infused brownies for joint discomfort. As stigma fades, convenience and discreteness matter more—and edibles deliver both.

 

Technological advances also play a big role here. Nanoemulsification, water-soluble CBD isolates, and heat-stable formulations are allowing manufacturers to maintain flavor, potency, and shelf life across diverse food matrices. This is helping CBD edibles shed their “alternative” image and compete in the mainstream functional food aisle.

 

One shift that’s harder to ignore is investor sentiment. Private equity and venture capital are pouring funds into startups that blend food science with cannabinoid expertise. Several major CPG players are circling the space, especially in North America. Meanwhile, retailers—from boutique wellness stores to large online marketplaces—are creating shelf space for branded CBD food products with premium positioning.

 

Key stakeholders across this market include CBD ingredient suppliers, CPG food and beverage companies, retail chains, nutraceutical manufacturers, and increasingly, regulatory authorities. Even insurance providers are beginning to assess CBD products through the lens of preventive health coverage.

 

To be honest, the CBD edibles market is moving past novelty. It’s becoming normalized—anchored by wellness use cases, backed by science, and supported by evolving policy. The next few years won’t be defined by legality alone, but by who can scale taste, trust, and therapeutic benefit in the same bite.

 

Market Segmentation And Forecast Scope

The CBD edibles market breaks down across several meaningful axes—product type, source, distribution channel, and geography. Each reflects different levers of consumer behavior, regulatory permissibility, and formulation complexity. Here's how the segmentation stacks up.

By Product Type

• Gummies

• Baked Goods (Cookies, Brownies, etc.)

• Chocolates & Confectionery

• CBD-Infused Beverages

• Savory Snacks

• Other Novel Edibles (Honey sticks, Chewing gum, etc.)

Gummies hold the lion’s share of the market, accounting for an estimated 38% in 2024. Why? They’re easy to dose, travel well, and have widespread flavor appeal. For many first-time users, a gummy is the “gateway edible” due to its familiarity and fun format.

That said, CBD beverages are the fastest-growing segment. Advances in water-soluble cannabinoids and better emulsification tech have made infused teas, sparkling waters, and recovery drinks more stable—and more palatable.

 

By Source

• Hemp-Derived CBD

• Marijuana-Derived CBD

Nearly all CBD edibles sold commercially (especially outside dispensaries) are hemp-derived, due to global legal restrictions around THC content. These products contain <0.3% THC, making them compliant in markets like the U.S., UK, and parts of the EU.

However, marijuana-derived CBD edibles are carving out space in dispensary-led ecosystems like California and Colorado, where higher-potency therapeutic applications are in demand.

 

By Distribution Channel

• Online Retail (Direct-to-Consumer, E-commerce Platforms)

• Specialty CBD Stores

• Health & Wellness Retailers

• Supermarkets & Hypermarkets

• Cannabis Dispensaries (Regulated Markets Only)

Online retail leads the channel mix in 2024. The segment accounts for over 45% of global sales, thanks to looser online marketing rules, wider product variety, and the convenience of home delivery. Many brands are scaling as DTC-first operations, bypassing traditional brick-and-mortar friction.

Dispensaries, while niche globally, dominate in marijuana-legal states. These outlets allow for premium placement and hands-on education—but require complex compliance protocols.

 

By Region

• North America

• Europe

• Asia-Pacific

• Latin America

• Middle East & Africa (MEA)

No surprise— North America dominates with over 60% of global revenue in 2024. The U.S. in particular has a fragmented but fast-maturing regulatory structure, especially after the 2018 Farm Bill opened up hemp cultivation.

Europe is the next major growth node, but regulations remain country-specific. The UK, Germany, Switzerland, and the Netherlands are emerging as key demand zones due to favorable import laws and robust supplement markets.

Meanwhile, Asia-Pacific is largely in the exploration phase, with Japan and South Korea seeing small-scale adoption, and Thailand showing unusual flexibility on cannabis-based product regulations.

 

Scope Note

The CBD edibles market is unlike traditional food categories. Consumer acceptance is as much about perceived wellness as it is about flavor or nutrition. That’s why companies are segmenting not just by product type—but by mood state or benefit (e.g., “calm,” “focus,” “sleep”).

So, while this market is broken down clinically, its commercialization path is distinctly emotional. What people are buying isn’t just a brownie— it’s relief, sleep, or balance.

 

Market Trends And Innovation Landscape

The CBD edibles space is no longer a novelty product category—it’s becoming a testbed for food science, regulatory navigation, and precision wellness. As companies race to differentiate, the innovation spotlight is shifting from just flavor and format to bioavailability, branding, and behaviorally targeted benefits. Here’s what’s shaping the market’s evolution.

1. Bioavailability is Becoming a Battleground

One of the biggest technical limitations in CBD edibles has been low absorption rates —especially in fat-based products like baked goods or chocolates. New entrants are solving for this with:

• Nanoemulsions and liposomal encapsulation that break CBD into smaller particles for better absorption.

• Water-soluble isolates that mix cleanly into beverages without affecting taste or texture.

• Time-release coatings that offer slow, sustained dosing over hours.

One formulation expert noted, “We’ve moved from CBD as a buzzword to CBD as a functional ingredient. If the body doesn’t absorb it efficiently, it’s wasted marketing.”

The next frontier? Multi-phase absorption—products that deliver an initial calming effect followed by a slow-release relaxation window.

 

2. From Mood-Based Labeling to Precision Positioning

Brands are shifting how they describe their products. Rather than vague benefits, we're seeing:

• “ Sleep support with melatonin + CBD ”

• “ Focus blend with CBD + L- theanine ”

• “ Recovery formula with turmeric, ginger, and CBD ”

This is driving a “stacking” trend, where cannabinoids are paired with nootropics, adaptogens, and functional herbs. Think CBD chocolate paired with ashwagandha for stress, or CBD gummies enhanced with 5-HTP for serotonin regulation.

The result? Products are no longer just “CBD edibles”—they’re full-blown wellness systems in snackable form.

 

3. Regulation Is Nudging Innovation Forward (and Backward)

Governments aren’t just gatekeepers—they’re now setting the innovation pace. In the EU, novel food regulations require brands to prove safety and stability, which is accelerating shelf-life testing and formulation accuracy.

In contrast, markets like Australia and Singapore remain cautious, slowing product development. That’s pushing companies to pilot new formulations in Canada or the U.S. first, then localize to regulatory constraints later.

One CEO put it plainly: “We don’t launch based on market demand anymore. We launch based on what the regulator will tolerate.”

 

4. Branding: From Wellness to Luxury to Lifestyle

A new class of CBD CPG brands is emerging—ones that prioritize aesthetics, tone, and cultural relevance over loud health claims. Think clean-label gummies in matte black jars, or infused bonbons with origin stories and chef partnerships.

Several DTC players are investing in:

• Influencer-led launch campaigns

• Experiential sampling (e.g., CBD chocolate & wine pairings)

• Subscription micro-dosing kits tailored to mood tracking

It’s not just about compliance—it’s about emotional engagement. And that’s where the most brand equity is being built.

 

5. AI and Personalization Creeping In

We’re still early, but some CBD edible startups are experimenting with AI-backed personalization :

• Quiz-based onboarding to match users with products

• Wearable integration (tracking sleep/HRV to optimize CBD dosing)

• Smart packaging that links to digital content or habit tracking tools

While the science is still catching up, the behavior signals are clear: users want CBD to “do something specific,” and they want proof that it worked.

 

Bottom Line

The innovation curve in CBD edibles is flattening where companies focus only on dosage or flavor. The real edge now lies in:

• Getting the science right

• Connecting to behavioral wellness

• Navigating regulatory speedbumps

• And crafting a brand consumers trust at the first bite

In short: the category’s maturing—but the innovation stakes are getting higher.

 

Competitive Intelligence And Benchmarking

The CBD edibles market may seem crowded, but when you peel back the labels, only a handful of companies are actually leading the charge in terms of scientific credibility, scalable distribution, and regulatory resilience. The rest? White-label players chasing short-term gains.

The leaders in this space are building brands, not just products. Here’s how the competition stacks up.

Charlotte’s Web

Still considered a pioneer, Charlotte’s Web built its reputation around hemp-derived CBD wellness products. Their edibles portfolio—primarily gummies and chews —is backed by clinical-grade manufacturing and consistent third-party testing.

Their strength lies in consumer trust. They’ve secured shelf space in national pharmacy chains and natural food retailers across the U.S., and recently expanded into sleep-focused formulations with added melatonin and botanical blends.

What sets them apart? A well-defined brand voice centered on emotional wellness and transparency.

 

Lord Jones

Positioned as the luxury brand of the category, Lord Jones caters to premium users looking for high-quality edibles with style. Their CBD gumdrops and chocolates are sold in upscale retail outlets and boutique wellness stores.

They’ve also leaned into celebrity partnerships and high-design packaging, creating a “gift-worthy” edible that sits as easily in a department store as it does in a dispensary.

They’re not competing on price—they’re competing on experience.

 

Green Roads

Founded by pharmacists, Green Roads took a science-forward approach from the beginning. Their edibles are formulated with broad-spectrum CBD, and often come in customizable doses for precise intake.

They’ve established a strong B2B channel, supplying products to clinics, chiropractors, and wellness practitioners. Their strategy? Make CBD clinical, not casual.

Recently, they’ve expanded into focus-enhancing gummies, tapping into the nootropic overlap trend.

 

Joy Organics

One of the fastest-growing DTC CBD brands, Joy Organics focuses on THC-free, USDA-certified organic edibles. Their positioning revolves around clean-label, family-friendly products, which has helped them penetrate health-conscious parent and senior demographics.

Their operational edge is in supply chain transparency —they provide full lab reports, sourcing details, and QR code tracking on every product.

They’re winning in middle America—not just the coasts.

 

Plus Products (U.S. Dispensary-Only)

Operating primarily in California and Nevada, Plus Products offers cannabis-derived CBD edibles sold in dispensaries. Their gummies come in microdosed formats and target specific use cases like “unwind” or “sleep.”

While their reach is limited to marijuana-legal states, their data-backed formulation approach (based on dosage trials and user feedback loops) sets them apart from generic edibles.

They’re effectively a pharma-meets-snack company inside the dispensary ecosystem.

 

Benchmarking Overview

Company	Market Focus	Notable Differentiator	Retail Footprint
Charlotte’s Web	Mass Market + Pharmacy	Established trust, science-backed claims	CVS, Sprouts, DTC
Lord Jones	Luxury Retail	Design-first branding, celeb alignment	Sephora, Goop, Boutique DTC
Green Roads	Clinical Wellness	Pharmacist formulation, precision dosing	Clinics, Online Retail
Joy Organics	Organic/Natural	USDA-certified, family positioning	Online, Health Stores
Plus Products	Dispensary-only	Microdosed, cannabis-derived CBD	California/Nevada dispensaries

 

Key Competitive Trends

• Brand maturity is separating leaders from white-label players. Consumers increasingly ask, “Who made this?” before purchasing.

• Price compression is real, especially in the gummies segment. That’s pushing brands to differentiate through formulation or brand voice—not just flavor.

• Retail partnerships matter more than influencers. Shelf space at trusted stores now moves more volume than social media hype.

And here’s the truth: Regulatory turbulence will force consolidation. Only players with compliance budgets and strong operations will scale as CBD rules tighten globally.

 

Regional Landscape And Adoption Outlook

CBD edibles may be globally recognized, but they’re not globally accepted —at least, not yet. Each region is moving at its own pace, shaped by unique regulatory climates, consumer education levels, and retail infrastructure. Some are scaling fast. Others are still stuck in red tape. Here’s where the market is opening up—and where it’s still playing defense.

North America

Without question, North America leads the CBD edibles market by both revenue and product diversity. The U.S. alone accounts for over 55% of global sales in 2024, largely due to its early adoption following the 2018 Farm Bill.

That said, the landscape is fragmented. CBD is federally legal only if hemp-derived and under 0.3% THC—but state-by-state enforcement varies. For instance:

• California and Colorado allow full-spectrum edibles in dispensaries

• Texas and Florida permit broad-spectrum, THC-free CBD in mainstream retail

• Idaho and South Dakota still restrict even trace THC levels

Canada has had nationwide legalization of cannabis products since 2018, but CBD-infused foods face tighter packaging and dosage rules under the Cannabis Act. This has slightly slowed product variety, but boosted quality control and consistency.

Bottom line: North America is a product playground, but brands still face a patchwork of rules. Regulatory clarity remains the biggest opportunity—and bottleneck.

 

Europe

Europe is warming up to CBD edibles, but progress is cautious. The UK, Germany, Switzerland, and the Netherlands are leading the charge—thanks to more favorable “novel food” designations and greater alignment between food and supplement laws.

• The UK’s Food Standards Agency (FSA) has created a public list of validated CBD edible products, giving consumers more transparency.

• Germany is prepping for broader cannabis reform, which could ripple into its food-based CBD market by 2026.

Most brands here lean toward low-dose, wellness-oriented gummies and drinks, targeting stress and sleep rather than pain or chronic issues. Retailers like Holland & Barrett and Boots have begun stocking CBD snacks and tinctures under strict labeling rules.

That said, France, Italy, and Spain remain stricter—limiting both advertising and distribution of CBD food products.

 

Asia-Pacific

This is the most regulatory-divided region. While traditional cannabis products face cultural and legal resistance, CBD edibles are gaining attention in niche health markets.

• Japan and South Korea permit hemp-derived CBD with zero THC. Sales are growing in beauty and wellness channels.

• Thailand has legalized medical cannabis and is experimenting with CBD-infused beverages and bakery products —an unusual policy move in Southeast Asia.

• China, the largest potential market, bans oral CBD entirely. But local R&D is ongoing for CBD skincare and OTC applications.

Multinational players are entering the region via travel retail, pop-up stores, and joint ventures with nutraceutical distributors.

For now, Asia-Pacific is in the trial phase—but early growth signals are strong in wellness-savvy urban segments.

 

Latin America

Adoption is climbing, led by Brazil, Mexico, and Colombia. While high-THC cannabis products remain limited to prescription use, CBD products have found a foothold via medical channels and online retail.

Mexico has authorized CBD as a nutritional supplement, allowing domestic players to roll out gummies, teas, and chocolates under tight dosage limits. Brazil's ANVISA is gradually reviewing oral CBD formats—particularly for pain and neurological disorders.

Still, much of Latin America lacks formal edible regulation. That’s slowed exports and international brand entry. But local companies are stepping in to fill the void, offering culturally familiar CBD snacks like infused coffee or dulce de leche bites.

 

Middle East & Africa (MEA)

This remains the most underdeveloped and tightly restricted region for CBD edibles. Religious, political, and legal factors continue to block large-scale commercialization.

That said, South Africa has opened a small legal window for hemp-based CBD products under limited dosages. Local startups are testing CBD granola bars and herbal teas in wellness-focused pop-up shops.

The UAE and Saudi Arabia remain closed markets—but ongoing health tech partnerships in the region suggest that soft CBD introductions could arrive via clinical nutrition channels within the next five years.

 

End-User Dynamics And Use Case

In the CBD edibles market, the real buyers aren’t just “consumers”—they’re multi-profile adopters. Each has different triggers: some are chasing wellness, others want alternatives to pharmaceuticals, and a growing segment is simply curious. The way these groups interact with brands, formats, and retail channels directly shapes how companies formulate, market, and scale their products.

Let’s break it down.

1. Health & Wellness Consumers

This group is the bedrock of the CBD edibles market. They’re not necessarily cannabis users—they’re wellness seekers. Think yoga-goers, corporate professionals, parents looking for sleep aids, or runners managing inflammation.

• Preferred formats : Gummies, chocolates, drinks

• Why they buy : Stress relief, sleep support, mood regulation

• Where they shop : Online DTC stores, health retailers, clean-label marketplaces

For this audience, clear labeling, third-party testing, and “natural” branding carry more weight than buzzwords like “full spectrum” or “broad spectrum.”

 

2. First-Time CBD Users

Edibles are often the entry point into cannabinoids for cautious newcomers. They’re less intimidating than tinctures, and more discreet than vaping.

• Preferred formats : Gummies (especially low-dose), candy

• Why they buy : Curiosity, stress, light anxiety

• Where they shop : Amazon-like e-commerce platforms, boutique stores, pharmacy chains

This group values simplicity and flavor. Brands that win here keep it light—think fruit chews with “calm” messaging, not complicated terpene charts.

 

3. Older Adults and Pain Management Users

CBD edibles are gaining serious traction among older adults who want non-opioid options for managing inflammation, joint pain, or poor sleep.

• Preferred formats : Soft chews, functional snacks, infused honey

• Why they buy : Chronic pain relief, anti-inflammation, better sleep cycles

• Where they shop : Pharmacies, wellness catalogs, caregiver-suggested stores

Many in this group prefer CBD-only or THC-free formulations. They rely on word-of-mouth trust, especially from physicians, physical therapists, or other patients.

 

4. Athletes and Recovery-Focused Users

CBD’s anti-inflammatory and calming benefits have made it increasingly popular among amateur and professional athletes, especially in regions where CBD is not banned in sport.

• Preferred formats : Protein bars, post-workout gummies, drinks

• Why they buy : Muscle recovery, sleep optimization, anxiety regulation

• Where they shop : Online sport nutrition stores, subscription boxes, specialty fitness outlets

Brands that target this audience often blend CBD with collagen, magnesium, or BCAAs , creating a hybrid between supplement and snack .

 

5. Cannabis Enthusiasts in Legal Markets

In fully legalized states or countries, traditional cannabis consumers are gravitating toward CBD-dominant edibles as a balance to high-THC options.

• Preferred formats : Full-spectrum gummies, “ratio” edibles (e.g., 1:1 CBD/THC)

• Why they buy : Balanced effect, daytime function, medical-grade relief

• Where they shop : Dispensaries, cannabis delivery platforms

This is the most product-savvy group. They care about minor cannabinoids (like CBN or CBG), dosage precision, and onset time.

 

Use Case Highlight: Recovery Gummies in a DTC-First Brand

A U.S.-based wellness startup launched a line of CBD-infused recovery gummies targeted at women aged 30–50 dealing with chronic stress and fatigue. They formulated each gummy with 25mg CBD, 200mg magnesium, and elderberry extract —positioning it as a daily wind-down ritual, not a medicine.

Instead of going retail-first, the company focused on Instagram and TikTok micro-influencers , leveraging emotional storytelling around burnout and sleep hygiene.

Within nine months:

• Repeat customer rate hit 42%

• Over 60% of new buyers came through referrals

• Cart sizes increased by 30% after adding a monthly subscription option

The key takeaway? When brands solve a clear emotional need—like better sleep—CBD becomes a vehicle for loyalty, not just novelty.

 

Summary Insight

The CBD edibles end-user profile is no longer just “people who want to relax.” It’s stratified, intentional, and rapidly professionalizing. Every age group is in play. Every use case has its format.

And here's the truth: The brands that win are the ones that listen to outcomes, not just ingredients.

 

Recent Developments + Opportunities & Restraints

The last two years have marked a shift from experimentation to execution in the CBD edibles space. Major players are no longer just testing formats—they're optimizing them for mass production, functional efficacy, and retail compliance . At the same time, newcomers are carving out vertical niches that go far beyond “calm” or “sleep.” Here's a look at the most impactful changes—and what’s fueling (or slowing) growth.

Recent Developments (Past 24 Months)

• Molson Coors expands CBD beverage portfolio into the U.S.
  In 2024, Molson Coors announced a partnership with Colorado-based HEXO to launch Veryvell , a line of CBD-infused sparkling waters . After success in Canada, the U.S. rollout began in select states with looser hemp regulations. The company cited “functional beverage demand” as the key driver.

• CBDfx launches sleep-centric gummy with melatonin and CBN
  In mid-2023, CBDfx reformulated their flagship nighttime gummy, combining 25mg CBD , 5mg melatonin , and 10mg CBN (cannabinol) . The aim? Create a multi-cannabinoid sleep aid with faster onset . It quickly became one of their top 3 selling SKUs.

• UK’s FSA publishes CBD product validation list
  In early 2023, the UK Food Standards Agency released an official list of approved CBD edible products eligible for sale, with over 11,000 applications reviewed. This gave mainstream retailers like Holland & Barrett clarity on what could stay on shelves.

• Martha Stewart CBD expands retail reach with new confectionery line
  Martha Stewart’s CBD brand, backed by Canopy Growth, released a new CBD chocolate truffle range in 2024. The product is targeted at high-income gift buyers, featuring premium packaging and “calm-focused” messaging. It’s now carried at over 2,000 retail points.

• Joy Organics opens fulfillment hub in the UK
  To meet growing demand in Europe, Joy Organics launched a new distribution center in Manchester in 2024. This move shortens delivery times and lowers compliance risks in cross-border trade.

 

Opportunities

• Functional Stacking for Personalized Outcomes
  As consumer sophistication increases, there’s a clear demand for stacked ingredients —where CBD is paired with nootropics, adaptogens , or sleep agents like GABA and valerian root. This opens up new SKUs across focus, recovery, immunity, and PMS relief verticals.

• International Retail Expansion (UK, Japan, Germany)
  Markets like Germany (amid cannabis policy reform), Japan (CBD-only approvals), and the UK (clear FSA edible lists) are hotbeds for premium exports. U.S.-based DTC brands now see Europe and Asia not as afterthoughts—but as primary growth zones.

• Low-Dose Microdosing & Subscription Models
  There’s increasing traction for daily microdosing formats (5-10mg per unit) in combination with monthly auto-ship plans . Brands are embedding edibles into long-term wellness routines, not just impulse buys.

This is turning edibles from indulgences into habits.

 

Restraints

• Lack of Global Regulatory Harmony
  One of the biggest hurdles is inconsistent international regulation . What's legal in Colorado might be banned in France. And what's “approved” in the UK might still face delays at the provincial level in Canada. Brands must operate with multi-country compliance teams —a major cost.

• Dosing and Labeling Mistrust
  Multiple lab analyses have found discrepancies between labelled CBD content and actual dose per edible . This erodes consumer confidence, especially among first-time users and seniors. Regulatory crackdowns are expected, which could wipe out under-compliant SKUs quickly.

Strategic Insight

The CBD edibles market isn’t held back by demand—it’s held back by execution complexity . Brands that can scale with accuracy , communicate clinical-grade trust , and align with cross-border regulations will rise above the crowd.

And in a world full of gummies, only the ones with proof, purpose, and precision will last.

 

7.1. Report Coverage Table

Report Attribute	Details
Forecast Period	2024 – 2030
Market Size Value in 2024	USD 6.9 Billion
Revenue Forecast in 2030	USD 14.3 Billion
Overall Growth Rate	CAGR of 12.7% (2024 – 2030)
Base Year for Estimation	2024
Historical Data	2019 – 2023
Unit	USD Million, CAGR (2024 – 2030)
Segmentation	By Product Type, By Source, By Distribution Channel, By Region
By Product Type	Gummies, Baked Goods, Chocolates, Beverages, Savory Snacks, Others
By Source	Hemp-Derived CBD, Marijuana-Derived CBD
By Distribution Channel	Online Retail, Specialty Stores, Health Retailers, Supermarkets, Dispensaries
By Region	North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa
Country Scope	U.S., Canada, UK, Germany, Japan, South Korea, Brazil, Mexico, South Africa, etc.
Market Drivers	- Rapid mainstreaming of CBD as a wellness aid - Regulatory clarity in key markets (e.g., UK, U.S., Japan) - Innovation in flavor, bioavailability, and functional stacking
Customization Option	Available upon request