Automotive Scroll E Compressor Market By Voltage Type (Low Voltage Electric Compressors, High Voltage Electric Compressors); By Vehicle Type (Battery Electric Vehicles, Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles, Hybrid Electric Vehicles); By Application (Cabin Climate Control, Battery Thermal Management, Power Electronics Cooling); By Geography, Segment Revenue Estimation, Forecast, 2024–2030

Introduction And Strategic Context

The Global Automotive Scroll E Compressor Market will witness a robust CAGR of 18.6% , valued at USD 2.4 billion in 2024 , to reach USD 6.8 billion by 2030 , confirms Strategic Market Research.

 

Automotive scroll e-compressors are electrically driven compressors used primarily in electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid vehicles, and advanced HVAC architectures . Unlike traditional belt-driven compressors powered by internal combustion engines, these systems operate using high-voltage electric motors. The result is a compact, energy-efficient compressor capable of maintaining cabin comfort and battery thermal stability even when the vehicle’s engine is off.

 

So why is this market suddenly getting attention?

• Two major forces are converging. First, the rapid electrification of the global vehicle fleet . Second, the increasing complexity of thermal management systems in EVs. Modern electric vehicles require precise temperature regulation not just for passengers but also for battery packs, power electronics, and electric motors . Scroll e-compressors are becoming a central component in these integrated thermal platforms.

• Traditional compressors simply cannot deliver the same level of efficiency or control. Electric scroll compressors provide variable-speed operation, higher compression ratios, and lower noise levels , which makes them ideal for electric mobility architectures.

 

From an engineering perspective, scroll technology is gaining favor because it offers smoother compression cycles and reduced vibration compared with piston compressors. That matters in EVs, where cabin noise is far more noticeable without an engine.

 

The regulatory landscape is also shaping demand. Governments across Europe, China, and North America are pushing strict carbon reduction targets and accelerating EV adoption through subsidies, mandates, and fleet electrification programs. As EV production scales, so does the demand for high-efficiency electric HVAC components.

 

Automakers are also redesigning vehicle architectures around integrated thermal management modules . These systems combine battery cooling, powertrain cooling, and cabin climate control into a unified loop. Scroll e-compressors serve as the heart of these systems because they can maintain high efficiency across varying thermal loads.

 

Key stakeholders in this ecosystem include:

• Automotive OEMs developing EV platforms

• Tier-1 suppliers producing compressors and thermal systems

• EV battery manufacturers requiring advanced cooling solutions

• Thermal management technology firms

• Government regulators and environmental agencies

• Investors backing EV infrastructure and component supply chains

Major automotive suppliers are now investing heavily in next-generation compressors designed specifically for EVs. Instead of adapting legacy systems, companies are creating high-voltage compressors capable of operating in 400V and 800V EV architectures .

Another shift worth noting: electric compressors are no longer just HVAC components. They are evolving into multi-purpose thermal devices that manage heat across the entire vehicle ecosystem.

This shift is quietly transforming the compressor from a mechanical accessory into a strategic technology within electric vehicle design.

As global EV production ramps up between 2024 and 2030 , the Automotive Scroll E Compressor market is moving from a niche component segment to a core enabler of vehicle electrification and energy-efficient mobility .

 

Market Segmentation And Forecast Scope

The Automotive Scroll E Compressor Market spans multiple technical and commercial dimensions. Automakers don’t purchase these compressors as standalone components. They are integrated into broader vehicle thermal management systems . So segmentation reflects both engineering design choices and vehicle platform requirements.

Broadly, the market can be analyzed across four strategic layers: By Voltage Type, By Vehicle Type, By Application, and By Region.

By Voltage Type

Voltage architecture plays a critical role in compressor design. Electric compressors must align with the vehicle’s electrical platform to deliver efficient cooling performance.

Low Voltage Electric Compressors (48V Systems)
These compressors are typically deployed in mild hybrid vehicles and entry-level hybrid platforms . They offer basic electric-driven cooling while keeping system complexity and cost relatively low.

However, they deliver limited cooling capacity compared to high-voltage units. As a result, their adoption is concentrated in cost-sensitive markets and transitional hybrid vehicles.
 

High Voltage Electric Compressors (200V–800V Systems)
This segment dominates the market, accounting for approximately 72% of market share in 2024 . High-voltage compressors are designed specifically for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) .

These systems deliver:

• Higher cooling performance

• Improved thermal management for batteries

• Faster climate control response

• Better overall vehicle energy efficiency

Most next-generation EV platforms—especially those using 800V architectures—require high-voltage scroll compressors to maintain battery performance during fast charging and high-load driving.

Because EV adoption is accelerating globally, this segment is expected to remain the core growth engine of the market through 2030 .

 

By Vehicle Type

Vehicle electrification levels strongly influence compressor demand.

Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs )
BEVs represent the largest demand pool for scroll e-compressors because they rely entirely on electric-driven HVAC systems. Traditional belt-driven compressors cannot function without an internal combustion engine.

Modern EVs require compressors for multiple functions:

• Cabin air conditioning

• Battery thermal management

• Cooling of power electronics and motors

BEVs accounted for roughly 48% of the market demand in 2024 , and this share is expected to increase as EV adoption expands worldwide.
 

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
PHEVs require electric compressors to maintain HVAC performance when operating in electric-only driving mode . While they also contain internal combustion engines, electric compressors ensure seamless cooling regardless of powertrain operation.
 

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
Full hybrids use electric compressors primarily to enhance fuel efficiency and enable engine-off climate control.

Many hybrid vehicle manufacturers are shifting toward electric compressors because they reduce mechanical load on the engine and improve overall fuel economy.

 

By Application

Scroll e-compressors serve multiple thermal management functions inside modern vehicles.

Cabin Climate Control
This remains the largest application segment , responsible for around 54% of demand in 2024 . Passenger comfort continues to be the primary function of vehicle HVAC systems.

Electric compressors allow independent cabin cooling , which is especially important in EVs that lack engine-driven compressors.
 

Battery Thermal Management
This is the fastest-growing application segment . Battery packs operate within narrow temperature windows to maintain performance, safety, and lifespan.

Scroll compressors play a key role in cooling battery modules during:

• Fast charging

• High-speed driving

• Hot climate operation

As EV battery capacities grow larger, thermal loads increase—making advanced compressors essential for safe vehicle operation.
 

Power Electronics and Motor Cooling
Electric motors, inverters, and power control units generate significant heat. Scroll compressors help maintain optimal operating temperatures in these systems.

 

By Region

Geographic adoption reflects both EV penetration and automotive manufacturing strength.

North America
Driven by EV production expansion in the United States and Canada.

 

Europe
Strict emissions regulations and aggressive EV targets are accelerating compressor adoption.

 

Asia-Pacific
The largest and fastest-growing regional market due to China, Japan, and South Korea's strong EV manufacturing ecosystem .

 

Latin America, Middle East, and Africa (LAMEA )
Emerging markets gradually adopting EVs through policy incentives and urban electrification programs.

In short, the segmentation highlights a clear reality: the Automotive Scroll E Compressor market is tightly linked to the global EV transition. As electric vehicle architectures evolve, compressors are becoming an essential component in next-generation thermal management systems.

 

Market Trends And Innovation Landscape

The Automotive Scroll E Compressor Market is evolving quickly as electric vehicle platforms become more sophisticated. What used to be a simple HVAC component is now turning into a core element of vehicle-wide thermal management systems .

Several technology shifts are shaping how compressors are designed, integrated, and deployed across EV architectures.

Shift Toward Integrated Thermal Management Systems

Modern electric vehicles no longer treat cooling systems as separate units. Instead, automakers are building integrated thermal management modules that regulate temperature across the entire vehicle.

These systems connect:

• Battery cooling loops

• Cabin HVAC systems

• Power electronics cooling circuits

• Electric motor cooling channels

Scroll e-compressors are increasingly designed to manage all these loads simultaneously.

In many next-generation EV platforms, a single compressor is responsible for stabilizing temperatures across the entire drivetrain and passenger cabin.

This integration reduces system complexity while improving overall vehicle efficiency.

 

High-Voltage Compressors for Next-Generation EV Architectures

Another major trend is the rise of high-voltage compressors compatible with 400V and 800V vehicle platforms .

Higher voltage architectures allow EVs to support:

• Ultra-fast charging

• Higher power outputs

• Larger battery packs

But these systems also generate significantly more heat. As a result, compressors must operate at higher power levels while maintaining efficiency.

Manufacturers are now designing compressors with:

• Improved insulation systems

• High-speed brushless motors

• Advanced inverter control technologies

The move toward 800V EV platforms is quietly reshaping compressor engineering standards across the automotive supply chain.

 

Smart Compressor Control and Electronic Integration

Electric compressors are becoming more intelligent. Instead of operating at fixed speeds, modern systems feature variable-speed control and real-time electronic regulation .

These smart systems adjust cooling capacity based on:

• Cabin temperature demand

• Battery thermal conditions

• Driving patterns

• Ambient weather conditions

This allows vehicles to optimize energy consumption.

In EVs, every watt matters. Efficient compressor control can extend vehicle driving range and battery longevity .

Automakers are also integrating compressors directly into vehicle electronic control units (ECUs) , enabling predictive thermal management.

Some advanced systems can anticipate thermal spikes during fast charging or aggressive acceleration and adjust cooling capacity before overheating occurs.

 

Compact and Lightweight Compressor Designs

Weight reduction remains a top priority in electric vehicle engineering. Manufacturers are therefore redesigning compressors to become smaller, lighter, and more compact .

Recent design innovations include:

• Integrated inverter-compressor units

• Compact scroll geometries

• Aluminum lightweight housing materials

• Modular compressor assemblies

These changes help reduce vehicle mass and improve overall energy efficiency.

Smaller compressors also allow more flexibility in EV platform design , especially in compact electric vehicles.

 

Oil-Free and Low-Friction Scroll Technologies

Scroll compressors rely on internal lubrication to maintain durability and performance. However, traditional lubrication methods can introduce efficiency losses.

New research is focused on low-friction coatings and optimized scroll geometries that reduce mechanical resistance.

These improvements provide:

• Higher efficiency

• Lower vibration levels

• Longer operational lifespan

Reducing friction inside the compressor is one of the simplest ways to improve overall HVAC efficiency without increasing energy consumption.

 

Supplier–Automaker Collaboration in Thermal Systems

Automotive OEMs are increasingly partnering with Tier-1 thermal management suppliers to co-develop next-generation compressor systems.

Instead of sourcing compressors separately, automakers now purchase complete thermal management modules that integrate compressors with heat pumps, valves, and cooling circuits.

This collaborative approach is accelerating innovation across the market.

Some EV manufacturers now treat thermal management as a competitive differentiator, especially in cold-weather battery performance and fast-charging capability.

Overall, innovation in the Automotive Scroll E Compressor market is moving in a clear direction: smarter, smaller, and more integrated systems .

As EV architectures continue to evolve, the compressor is transforming from a basic HVAC component into a critical control point for vehicle efficiency, safety, and performance .

 

Competitive Intelligence And Benchmarking

The Automotive Scroll E Compressor Market is largely controlled by a group of established automotive thermal management suppliers and compressor manufacturers . These companies operate deep within the global automotive supply chain and maintain long-standing relationships with major vehicle OEMs.

Competition in this space is not simply about compressor manufacturing. It revolves around thermal system integration, EV platform compatibility, energy efficiency, and reliability under high-voltage environments .

Most leading players are positioning themselves as complete thermal management partners , rather than just component suppliers.

Below is a closer look at the companies shaping the competitive landscape.

Denso Corporation

Denso remains one of the most influential players in the automotive compressor ecosystem. The company has decades of experience in vehicle HVAC systems and maintains strong supply relationships with Japanese and global automakers.

Denso has been aggressively developing high-voltage electric compressors tailored for battery electric vehicles . Its strategy focuses on improving compressor efficiency while minimizing energy draw from the vehicle battery.

The company’s compressors are widely used across EV platforms from Toyota, Lexus, and several global OEMs .

Denso’s strength lies in vertical integration. The company designs not only compressors but also full thermal management systems, giving it a strong competitive edge.

 

Sanden Corporation

Sanden is a long-established specialist in automotive air-conditioning compressors. The company has been transitioning its portfolio toward electric compressors designed for hybrid and battery electric vehicles .

Sanden’s approach emphasizes compact scroll compressor architecture , enabling easier integration within EV platforms where packaging space is limited.

The company also focuses heavily on high-efficiency motor technologies , helping automakers extend driving range.

However, Sanden has faced financial restructuring challenges in recent years, which has intensified competition from other suppliers.

 

Hanon Systems

Hanon Systems is one of the fastest-growing suppliers in the global automotive thermal management market. The company supplies compressors and integrated thermal solutions to several global OEMs.

Its strategy centers on complete EV thermal management systems , including compressors, heat pumps, and battery cooling modules.

Hanon has been expanding aggressively in China and Europe , two regions with rapidly expanding EV production.

The company is positioning itself as a strategic supplier for next-generation EV platforms rather than just a compressor manufacturer.

 

Valeo

Valeo has built a strong reputation in electric vehicle thermal systems. The company’s electric compressor portfolio is designed to support high-voltage EV architectures and heat pump systems .

Valeo is also focusing on energy-efficient HVAC technologies , which help EV manufacturers extend battery driving range.

The company has secured several partnerships with European automakers working on new EV platforms.

Its strong presence in European automotive supply chains gives Valeo a solid competitive advantage in markets with strict emissions regulations.

 

MAHLE GmbH

MAHLE is known for its advanced automotive engineering and thermal management expertise. The company has been investing in electric compressor technologies and next-generation cooling solutions for EVs .

MAHLE’s strategy revolves around developing integrated thermal management systems that combine compressors, cooling modules, and battery temperature control systems.

The company is also investing in high-efficiency heat pump technology , which works closely with electric compressors to improve vehicle climate control efficiency.

 

Toyota Industries Corporation

Toyota Industries plays a critical role in compressor development for hybrid and electric vehicles within the Toyota ecosystem.

The company manufactures advanced electric scroll compressors designed for high reliability and long operational life .

Toyota Industries benefits from close collaboration with Toyota Motor Corporation , allowing rapid integration of new compressor technologies into vehicle platforms.

This vertical alignment gives the company strong stability in the global supply chain.

 

Competitive Dynamics in the Market

Several structural trends define the competitive environment:

• Tier-1 suppliers dominate the market because automakers prefer working with established partners capable of delivering large-scale production.

• Integrated thermal management capabilities are becoming a key differentiator , rather than compressor performance alone.

• Long-term supply contracts with EV manufacturers are increasingly determining market leadership.

• Asia-Pacific manufacturers hold strong production advantages , particularly due to proximity to major EV manufacturing hubs in China, Japan, and South Korea.

In reality, switching compressor suppliers mid-vehicle program is extremely difficult for automakers. Once a supplier secures a platform contract, it often retains that business for the entire vehicle lifecycle.

Because of this dynamic, the Automotive Scroll E Compressor market tends to be stable but highly competitive , with companies racing to secure supply positions in upcoming EV platforms expected to launch between 2025 and 2030 .

 

Regional Landscape And Adoption Outlook

Adoption of Automotive Scroll E Compressors varies significantly across regions, largely influenced by electric vehicle penetration, automotive manufacturing capacity, government incentives, and thermal management innovation . While EV production remains the biggest demand driver, regional policy frameworks and supply chain capabilities are equally important in shaping market growth.

Below is a breakdown of how key regions are evolving.

North America

North America is emerging as a strong market due to rapid expansion of electric vehicle manufacturing in the United States and Canada .

Key regional dynamics include:

• Growing EV production facilities from automakers such as Tesla, General Motors, and Ford , increasing demand for electric compressors.

• Strong policy support including EV tax credits and emissions reduction programs encouraging electric mobility adoption.

• Increasing demand for advanced thermal management systems to maintain battery performance in extreme weather conditions.

• Expansion of EV battery manufacturing plants across the United States, which indirectly drives demand for high-efficiency compressors.

• Focus on high-voltage EV platforms , requiring advanced electric scroll compressors for battery and cabin cooling.

North America is becoming a strategic manufacturing hub for next-generation EV platforms, which will drive consistent compressor demand.

 

Europe

Europe remains one of the most mature markets for electric mobility and thermal management innovation.

Important market factors include:

• Strict carbon emission regulations and vehicle electrification targets set by the European Union.

• Rapid EV adoption across countries such as Germany, Norway, France, and the Netherlands .

• Strong presence of automotive OEMs including Volkswagen Group, BMW, Mercedes-Benz, and Stellantis .

• Increasing use of heat pump-based thermal systems , which require highly efficient electric compressors.

• Large investments in EV battery production and gigafactory development.

European automakers are prioritizing energy-efficient HVAC technologies to improve vehicle range and reduce energy losses.

 

Asia-Pacific

Asia-Pacific represents the largest and fastest-growing market for automotive scroll e-compressors due to its dominant automotive manufacturing ecosystem.

Key regional trends include:

• China leading global EV production and adoption , creating massive demand for electric compressors.

• Strong EV manufacturing industries in Japan and South Korea , supported by advanced automotive supply chains.

• Government subsidies and electrification programs encouraging rapid EV deployment.

• Expansion of domestic compressor manufacturers supplying both regional and global OEMs.

• Increasing production of affordable electric vehicles , which drives high-volume compressor demand.

China alone accounts for a significant share of global EV production, making Asia-Pacific the center of gravity for compressor demand.

 

Latin America, Middle East, and Africa (LAMEA)

This region is still in the early stages of EV adoption , but gradual policy support and infrastructure development are beginning to create opportunities.

Market characteristics include:

• Growing EV pilot programs and fleet electrification projects in Brazil, UAE, and South Africa .

• Government initiatives supporting clean transportation and urban electrification .

• Increasing import of electric vehicles from Asia and Europe.

• Limited local production of advanced thermal components, creating opportunities for international suppliers.

• Infrastructure development gradually supporting EV adoption in major metropolitan areas.

Although EV penetration remains low in many countries, the region represents a long-term growth opportunity as electrification policies mature.

Overall, regional adoption of automotive scroll e-compressors closely mirrors global EV manufacturing trends . Regions with strong EV production capacity and supportive government policies are leading market expansion.

Asia-Pacific currently leads in production volume , while Europe and North America drive technological innovation and premium EV platform development .

 

End User Dynamics and Use Case

The Automotive Scroll E Compressor Market is shaped heavily by the needs of different end users within the automotive ecosystem. While the compressor itself is a component, its adoption depends on how effectively it supports vehicle performance, energy efficiency, and passenger comfort .

The primary end users include Passenger Vehicle Manufacturers, Commercial Vehicle Manufacturers, Electric Vehicle Startups , and Automotive Thermal System Integrators .

Passenger Vehicle Manufacturers

Passenger vehicle OEMs represent the largest end user segment , accounting for the majority of electric compressor installations.

Key drivers within this segment include:

• Rapid growth in battery electric vehicle production .

• Increasing demand for efficient cabin climate control systems .

• Integration of compressors into multi-loop thermal management systems that regulate battery and drivetrain temperatures.

• Rising consumer expectations for quiet and energy-efficient HVAC systems in EVs.

Automakers are focusing on compressors that deliver high cooling efficiency while minimizing battery energy consumption , as HVAC systems can significantly impact driving range.

In electric vehicles, even small efficiency gains in thermal systems can translate into noticeable improvements in vehicle range.

 

Commercial Vehicle Manufacturers

Commercial vehicle electrification is gaining momentum, particularly in electric buses, delivery vans, and urban logistics vehicles .

Within this segment, scroll e-compressors support:

• Cabin cooling for drivers and passengers

• Battery cooling during extended operating cycles

• Thermal stability during heavy-duty operations

Electric buses and long-duty-cycle vehicles generate higher thermal loads compared with passenger cars, making high-capacity compressors essential .

Many fleet operators also prioritize reliability and durability , as compressor failures can interrupt daily fleet operations.

 

Electric Vehicle Startups

New EV manufacturers are entering the market with innovative vehicle architectures that heavily rely on advanced thermal management systems.

These companies typically prioritize:

• Highly integrated thermal platforms

• Compact compressor designs to optimize vehicle packaging

• High-voltage compatibility for fast-charging EV platforms

Because startups often design vehicles from the ground up, they can implement next-generation thermal systems without legacy constraints .

Several emerging EV brands are experimenting with unified thermal modules where the compressor manages battery cooling, cabin HVAC, and power electronics simultaneously.

 

Automotive Thermal System Integrators

Tier-1 suppliers and thermal system integrators play a key role in this ecosystem. These companies design complete thermal management solutions that are then supplied to automakers.

Their responsibilities include:

• Integrating compressors with heat pumps, valves, and cooling circuits

• Designing energy-efficient HVAC modules

• Ensuring system compatibility with different EV architectures

• Supporting automakers during vehicle platform development

Because of this role, integrators often influence compressor selection and system specifications .

 

Use Case Example

A mid-size electric vehicle manufacturer in South Korea introduced a new EV platform designed for fast charging and extended driving range. During early testing, engineers observed that battery temperatures increased significantly during high-speed driving and rapid charging cycles.

To solve this issue, the company integrated a high-voltage scroll e-compressor within a centralized thermal management system .

The compressor performed three simultaneous functions:

• Cooling the battery pack during fast charging

• Supporting heat pump-based cabin climate control

• Maintaining stable temperatures for power electronics

After implementation, the vehicle achieved:

• Improved battery thermal stability

• Reduced energy consumption for HVAC operations

• Better overall driving range in hot climate conditions

This type of integrated thermal architecture is becoming increasingly common in next-generation EV platforms.

Overall, end-user demand for automotive scroll e-compressors is being driven by one central requirement: efficient and reliable thermal management in electric vehicles .

As EV architectures become more complex, compressors are evolving from a simple HVAC component into a critical technology supporting vehicle safety, battery longevity, and passenger comfort .

 

Recent Developments + Opportunities and Restraints

Recent Developments (Last 2 Years)

• Denso Corporation expanded its electric compressor production capacity in Japan and North America in 2024 to support increasing demand from electric vehicle manufacturers.

• Valeo introduced a new generation of high-voltage electric compressors designed for integrated EV heat pump systems in 2023 , aimed at improving vehicle climate efficiency and battery cooling performance.

• Hanon Systems strengthened its EV thermal management portfolio in 2024 by expanding compressor manufacturing facilities in China and Europe to meet rising EV platform supply contracts.

• MAHLE GmbH announced the development of advanced electric compressor technology optimized for 800V EV architectures in 2023 , targeting fast-charging electric vehicles.

• Sanden Corporation introduced compact next-generation scroll e-compressors for hybrid and battery electric vehicles in 2024 , focusing on improved efficiency and reduced noise levels.
   

Opportunities

• Rapid Global Electric Vehicle Adoption
  Increasing EV production across China, Europe, and North America is creating strong demand for advanced thermal management systems, significantly boosting the adoption of electric scroll compressors.

• Development of High Voltage EV Platforms
  The emergence of 800V electric vehicle architectures and fast charging technologies is increasing the need for high performance compressors capable of handling higher thermal loads.

• Integration of Heat Pump Systems in EVs
  Growing adoption of heat pump based climate control systems in electric vehicles is creating new opportunities for scroll compressors to operate as core components within integrated thermal management systems.
   

Restraints

• High Development and Manufacturing Costs
  Electric compressors designed for EVs require advanced materials, high voltage insulation, and precision engineering , which increases production costs for manufacturers.

• Thermal System Complexity in EV Platforms
  As vehicle thermal management systems become more integrated and complex, compressor design and system compatibility challenges may slow adoption for some manufacturers.
   

7.1. Report Coverage Table

Report Attribute	Details
Forecast Period	2024 – 2030
Market Size Value in 2024	USD 2.4 Billion
Revenue Forecast in 2030	USD 6.8 Billion
Overall Growth Rate	CAGR of 18.6 % (2024 – 2030)
Base Year for Estimation	2024
Historical Data	2019 – 2023
Unit	USD Million, CAGR (2024 – 2030)
Segmentation	By Voltage Type, By Vehicle Type, By Application, By Geography
By Voltage Type	Low Voltage Electric Compressors, High Voltage Electric Compressors
By Vehicle Type	Battery Electric Vehicles, Plug In Hybrid Electric Vehicles, Hybrid Electric Vehicles
By Application	Cabin Climate Control, Battery Thermal Management, Power Electronics Cooling
By Region	North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa
Country Scope	United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Japan, India, South Korea, Brazil and others
Market Drivers	Growing electric vehicle production Increasing demand for advanced thermal management systems Rising adoption of high voltage EV architectures
Customization Option	Available upon request