Advanced X-Ray Visualization Systems Market By Technology (Digital Radiography, Computed Radiography, 3D X-Ray Imaging, Fluoroscopy); By Application (Orthopedic, Cardiovascular, Oncology, Emergency Care, Dental); By End User (Hospitals, Diagnostic Imaging Centers, Specialty Clinics, Ambulatory Surgical Centers); By Geography, Segment Revenue Estimation, Forecast, 2024–2030

1. Introduction and Strategic Context

The Global Advanced X -Ray Visualization Systems Market is on track to grow at a CAGR of 8.6% , climbing from an estimated USD 4.2 billion in 2024 to nearly USD 6.9 billion by 2030 , according to Strategic Market Research.

 

At its core, this market is reshaping how clinicians visualize and interpret internal anatomy — far beyond traditional radiography. What was once a black-and-white, static medium is now a multi-dimensional, real-time diagnostic tool. Advanced systems today integrate 3D reconstruction , AI-driven image processing , and even dynamic motion capture to offer clearer, faster, and more precise reads. This evolution is no longer just a technological leap; it's a strategic necessity for modern healthcare systems.

 

What’s driving this transformation? A few converging factors.

 

First, hospitals and imaging centers are under pressure to reduce diagnostic errors — particularly in high-stakes areas like trauma, oncology, and cardiovascular care. Legacy X-ray equipment isn’t cutting it. New systems that can provide real-time fluoroscopic overlays , multi-angle image stitching , and low-dose high-resolution output are quickly becoming the new standard.

Second, regulatory tightening around radiation exposure — especially in Europe and North America — is accelerating demand for systems that do more with less. We're seeing rising procurement of units with adaptive exposure protocols , especially in pediatric, dental, and breast imaging segments.

Also, let’s talk about AI. From automated bone fracture detection to predictive tumor boundary mapping, AI-powered visualization platforms are starting to integrate directly into X-ray workstations. In many tertiary hospitals, these tools now serve as the first line of review — before a radiologist even logs in. And that’s a major shift.

 

Then there's infrastructure expansion in emerging markets. Health systems across Southeast Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East are investing in digitized radiology networks , leapfrogging over analog systems entirely. This means digital-native X-ray systems — often mobile, cloud-enabled, and PACS-integrated — are becoming essential procurement items.

 

Stakeholder interest is widening, too. OEMs are competing to build lighter, smarter platforms. Hospitals and outpatient centers want faster throughput and automated reporting. Public health programs see X-ray screening as a cost-effective tool for conditions like tuberculosis and cervical cancer. And investors are watching the shift closely — particularly in AI-integrated imaging platforms, where value multiples are rising fast.

To be honest, X-ray imaging hasn’t always been the sexiest corner of the diagnostic imaging market. But that’s changing. With the convergence of precision medicine , minimally invasive intervention , and real-time diagnostics , advanced X-ray visualization systems are now right at the center of clinical decision-making — and poised for strong, sustained demand through the rest of the decade.

 

2. Market Segmentation and Forecast Scope

The advanced X-ray visualization systems market is segmenting along four clear axes — each representing how providers prioritize image quality, workflow efficiency, and clinical outcomes. Below is a breakdown of how the market is structured and where the momentum is building.

By Technology

Digital Radiography (DR ) This segment dominates the market. DR systems offer instant imaging, low radiation exposure, and easy PACS integration — all critical in emergency, orthopedic, and primary care settings. Most hospitals replacing analog systems are opting directly for DR platforms.

Computed Radiography (CR ) CR remains relevant in cost-sensitive facilities but is steadily being phased out. Some rural and mid-tier hospitals in Asia and Africa still use CR for skeletal and chest imaging. However, as digital costs fall, CR’s relevance is narrowing.

3D X-Ray Imaging One of the fastest-growing segments. 3D visualization enables advanced surgical planning, complex orthopedic analysis, and precision tumor localization. These systems are now found not only in hospitals but also in high-end dental and oncology clinics.

Fluoroscopy Used mainly for real-time imaging in interventional procedures — from catheter placements to barium studies. While not new, the innovation here is in the software: dose control algorithms, AI-driven anomaly detection, and image enhancement modules.

DR systems held over 41% of the market share in 2024, while 3D imaging is projected to grow fastest through 2030 due to rising demand in oncology and musculoskeletal diagnostics.

 

By Application

Orthopedic Imaging Advanced visualization is vital for fracture mapping, surgical navigation, and post-op monitoring. 3D systems and low-dose long bone X-rays are particularly in demand.

Cardiovascular Imaging Fluoroscopy continues to be essential for catheter-based procedures. Demand is rising for hybrid X-ray systems that can overlay real-time imaging with prior scans or 3D models.

Oncology Used heavily in radiation therapy planning and tumor tracking. Oncology centers prefer DR and 3D-capable units with AI-assisted lesion identification.

Emergency Care Hospitals are prioritizing mobile X-ray units and rapid-capture DR systems that can move between trauma bays, ICUs, and ORs.

Dental Imaging Cone beam CT (CBCT) is driving a small but distinct submarket within dental clinics, offering 3D jaw and sinus visualization.

Orthopedic and emergency care applications represent the highest demand volumes, while oncology and dental are pushing innovation.

 

By End User

Hospitals These remain the biggest buyers. From trauma rooms to radiology suites, they need high-throughput, multi-modality systems — especially DR with AI support and automated positioning.

Diagnostic Imaging Centers Growth here is steady, driven by outpatient volumes. These centers prioritize fast turnaround, ease of use, and patient comfort — leading to rising installations of upright DR and 3D units.

Specialty Clinics Orthopedic, cardiology, dental, and oncology clinics are rapidly adopting niche-focused systems. Many are investing in AI-assisted image capture and automated reporting.

Ambulatory Surgical Centers (ASCs ) Typically use mobile DR or mini C-arms for pre/post-op scans. Some higher-volume ASCs are exploring integrated imaging suites for same-day procedures.

 

By Region

North America High DR saturation, early AI adoption, and policy-driven demand for radiation dose monitoring tools.

Europe Strong regulatory push for low-dose systems and public investment in digital hospital infrastructure.

Asia Pacific Fastest-growing region due to population, government health digitization efforts, and rapid hospital construction in India, China, and Southeast Asia.

Latin America, Middle East & Africa (LAMEA ) Expanding via mobile imaging projects and public-private diagnostic rollouts. Digital DR adoption is accelerating in urban centers.

 

3. Market Trends and Innovation Landscape

This isn’t the same X-ray market it was five years ago. A wave of transformation is underway — driven by digitization, precision medicine, and smarter imaging platforms that think and act faster. Here’s a look at what’s changing the game for advanced X-ray visualization systems.

AI-Infused Imaging is Moving from Add-On to Core

The integration of artificial intelligence into X-ray systems is no longer a fringe concept. Today, it’s becoming a fundamental part of the hardware and workflow. Major OEMs are embedding AI directly into imaging consoles to assist in real-time image capture, anomaly detection, and automated measurements .

In orthopedic and chest imaging, for instance, AI tools are helping radiologists identify fractures, lung nodules, and spinal misalignments within seconds of image acquisition. Hospitals are also using AI to flag repeat scans, detect poor positioning, and even predict exam time based on patient mobility.

“In high-volume centers, AI is now reducing interpretation time by up to 40%, especially in musculoskeletal and trauma cases,” noted a radiology department head at a large academic hospital in the U.S.

 

Portable X-Ray and Mobile DR Systems Are Seeing a Demand Surge

Speed matters — especially in emergency care, remote screening, or post-op rounds. The pandemic showed the value of mobile X-ray systems in isolation wards and ICUs. That demand didn’t fade. If anything, it’s scaling.

We’re seeing a strong push for battery-powered mobile DR units , particularly in Europe and Asia. These systems are compact, wireless, and capable of connecting instantly with PACS or cloud-based archives.

Many hospitals are now deploying them for routine inpatient imaging, while community clinics are using them in field screening programs for TB, bone injuries, or post-surgical follow-ups .

 

3D and Dynamic Imaging Are Changing Clinical Expectations

2D is no longer enough in many settings. Orthopedic surgeons want multi-angle, high-resolution 3D reconstructions to guide implant placement. Radiation oncologists demand precise tumor margins to target therapy. And interventional cardiologists need real-time motion tracking to guide stents or catheters.

This is pushing investment into systems that combine X-ray acquisition with software-based 3D rendering, motion stabilization, and anatomical modeling . These aren’t just premium options anymore — they're becoming standard in tertiary hospitals and high-volume outpatient centers.

 

Smart Dose Management Is Now a Regulatory and Commercial Driver

Radiation exposure is a growing concern. New regulations in Europe, Japan, and parts of North America now require automated dose logging , especially in pediatric and repeated-imaging scenarios.

Vendors are responding with adaptive dose optimization software , which adjusts radiation output in real-time based on patient size, age, and target area. These tools don’t just help with compliance — they also reduce the number of failed scans, a key pain point in outpatient settings.

 

Workflow Automation is Quietly Revolutionizing Imaging Suites

Behind the scenes, workflow efficiency is becoming a bigger innovation frontier than hardware itself. Systems that enable auto-positioning , touchless calibration , and voice-activated controls are reducing tech workload and minimizing exam time.

Some AI modules now guide patients through positioning steps with on-screen avatars or multilingual audio — reducing staff intervention. That’s particularly valuable in under-staffed clinics and high-throughput imaging centers.

 

Strategic Partnerships Are Shaping the Innovation Pipeline

Innovation isn’t happening in isolation. Leading players are forming alliances with:

• AI startups to co-develop task-specific algorithms (e.g., hip joint segmentation, lung opacity detection)

• Cloud vendors to enable remote access to 3D scans or integrate AI with tele-radiology platforms

• University hospitals to pilot motion-resistant imaging or patient-specific reconstruction models

The result? Systems are getting smarter, but also more clinically relevant — built around how real doctors diagnose, not just how engineers design.

 

4. Competitive Intelligence and Benchmarking

The advanced X-ray visualization systems market might be packed with familiar imaging giants, but their strategies are far from interchangeable. This isn’t just a race for resolution or scan speed — it’s about who can deliver smarter workflows, safer imaging, and scalable platforms across different clinical settings. Here's how the leading players stack up.

GE HealthCare

GE has built a robust X-ray portfolio anchored in digital radiography and AI integration . Their systems are known for fast image acquisition, auto-positioning, and mobile DR platforms that cater to emergency departments and inpatient care.

Their Critical Care Suite , which leverages AI for pneumothorax and COVID-related lung issues, is already FDA-cleared and widely deployed. More recently, they’ve expanded into 3D bone imaging modules for orthopedic applications.

What sets GE apart is the depth of integration — from console to cloud, their platforms are designed to plug into enterprise imaging systems with minimal friction. They’re targeting both volume-driven hospitals and high-acuity trauma centers.

 

Siemens Healthineers

Siemens takes a precision-focused approach. Their Ysio Max and Multix DR platforms offer advanced dose management, automated workflow orchestration, and AI-driven image harmonization — especially valued in radiology suites with high variability in patient type.

Where they excel is in workflow intelligence . Their teamplay ecosystem allows imaging managers to benchmark performance across sites, helping improve throughput and reduce repeat exams.

They’re also investing heavily in 3D reconstruction software for orthopedic and thoracic imaging, and recently launched a compact mobile DR unit aimed at rural and resource-limited hospitals.

Strategically, Siemens wins in centralized health systems that prioritize efficiency and diagnostic reproducibility.

 

Philips

Philips blends hardware and ambient design, creating systems that focus on operator usability and patient experience . Their DR platforms feature smart dose protocols, real-time auto-capture, and cloud-synced archives.

They’ve also made major moves in AI-powered positioning tools that speed up imaging time — especially in outpatient clinics and urgent care centers. Their Vision DR suite now integrates with PACS, RIS, and even anesthesia management tools.

Philips is particularly active in emerging markets , where they deploy mobile DR vans and modular imaging pods through public-private partnerships.

 

Canon Medical Systems

Canon is carving out a strong niche in affordability and reliability . Their DR systems are lightweight, battery-efficient, and built for environments where imaging uptime is critical.

They’re aggressively targeting Asia Pacific and Latin America , where hospitals are transitioning from CR to DR and need mid-range systems with modern software but lower capital costs. Their AI-enhanced dose control and intuitive user interfaces give them a leg up in these deployments.

Canon’s edge lies in scalable imaging — from rural clinics to mid-size hospitals, their systems are known to deliver consistent quality without requiring deep infrastructure overhauls.

 

Shimadzu Corporation

A quiet but strategic player, Shimadzu focuses heavily on automated DR systems for hospitals and research facilities. Their RADspeed series features intelligent tube tracking and dual energy imaging capabilities — useful in orthopedic and pulmonary imaging.

Shimadzu is also strong in Japan, Southeast Asia, and select EU markets, where their equipment’s durability and modularity make it a top choice in public healthcare tenders.

 

Fujifilm

Fujifilm stands out in point-of-care imaging , especially with its FDR Go series. These mobile X-ray systems are designed for bedside imaging, ICUs, and neonatal care — with ultra-low dose profiles and rapid wireless transfer.

They’re also investing in cloud-based archiving and workflow management tools , helping smaller clinics digitize and scale up imaging operations without building complex IT backbones.

Fujifilm is beginning to enter 3D and tomosynthesis segments , positioning itself as a flexible alternative to GE or Siemens in facilities that value speed and simplicity.

 

Competitive Snapshot

• GE and Siemens dominate high-end hospitals with full-suite integration, AI, and automation.

• Canon and Fujifilm are winning in budget-sensitive, high-volume markets with portable and modular platforms.

• Philips stands out for user-centric design and versatility in both primary and tertiary care.

• Shimadzu quietly serves specialized and research-heavy facilities, especially in APAC.

To be honest, this market doesn’t reward flash. It rewards trust, uptime, and the ability to serve different clinical settings with the same system. The vendors who can offer that balance — not just a spec sheet — are the ones expanding market share fastest.

 

5. Regional Landscape and Adoption Outlook

Market adoption for advanced X-ray visualization systems doesn’t follow a one-size-fits-all pattern. Different regions are evolving on different timelines — influenced by infrastructure maturity, government priorities, clinical standards, and, increasingly, the shift toward AI-led diagnostics. Here's how the global picture is shaping up.

North America

Still the most mature and innovation-led region , North America accounts for a significant share of the global market. Hospitals here are deep into their second or third wave of digital radiography upgrades, and most new purchases are centered on:

• AI-enabled DR systems

• Mobile units for emergency and ICU use

• 3D X-ray and real-time fluoroscopic platforms for surgical navigation

What’s driving growth isn’t volume — it’s replacement cycles , workflow optimization , and dose safety compliance . In the U.S., regulatory initiatives like the FDA’s “Image Wisely” and “Image Gently” campaigns have pushed adoption of adaptive dose-control systems , especially in pediatrics and oncology.

That said, there’s growing demand outside hospitals too. Urgent care centers, orthopedic chains, and outpatient imaging networks are installing compact DR platforms with cloud PACS and AI support — giving smaller players access to enterprise-grade diagnostics.

Europe

Europe mirrors North America in quality, though it’s shaped more by public healthcare mandates. Countries like Germany, France, and the Nordics are upgrading hospital systems with a sharp eye on dose reduction , reusability , and sustainability .

AI deployment is growing — but slower, due to regulatory vetting and data privacy concerns. However, 3D and tomosynthesis systems are being integrated more broadly , particularly in orthopedics and pulmonary clinics.

Eastern Europe is a mixed bag. While countries like Poland and Czechia are adopting mid-range DR systems in urban hospitals, rural areas still rely heavily on computed radiography — leaving room for affordable digital conversion tools.

Asia Pacific

This is the fastest-growing region by far , both in terms of system installs and clinical demand.

• China is driving massive procurement programs under its public hospital modernization plans. Urban hospitals are deploying advanced DR and 3D units, while county-level clinics are getting mobile DR systems funded through provincial programs.

• India is seeing strong growth via diagnostic center chains, orthopedic hospitals, and public-private imaging collaborations. Mid-range DR systems are gaining fast, and mobile X-ray vans are being used in tuberculosis screening and accident response.

• Japan and South Korea are pushing ahead with smart imaging — combining low-dose systems with predictive analytics for oncology and neuro applications.

What’s unique in APAC is the leapfrogging effect — many facilities are skipping CR entirely and going straight to DR with AI augmentation. That means newer markets may adopt more advanced imaging stacks faster than expected.

Latin America

Adoption here is steady but tiered.

• In countries like Brazil and Mexico , urban hospitals are upgrading to 3D and AI-enhanced DR systems — particularly in orthopedics and chest imaging.

• Public hospitals in Tier 2 cities are replacing analog or early CR platforms with entry-level DR systems, often financed through federal health subsidies or vendor-backed credit programs.

Diagnostic imaging chains are emerging in countries like Chile and Colombia, where cloud-integrated DR platforms are helping scale outpatient imaging with lower infrastructure burden.

Middle East & Africa (MEA)

This region is still underpenetrated — but it’s starting to change.

• Gulf countries like UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar are investing heavily in tertiary hospitals and smart healthcare systems . Advanced X-ray visualization platforms with AI and cloud PACS are part of larger radiology suite upgrades.

• In Africa , most diagnostic imaging is still analog or CR-based. But targeted programs — like mobile TB screening in Kenya or Nigeria , and maternal X-ray initiatives in Ethiopia — are driving demand for mobile, rugged, solar-compatible DR systems .

Vendor partnerships with NGOs and government health ministries are opening the door to scalable deployments, especially in regions where traditional capital procurement is limited.

Key Takeaways by Region

• North America and Europe lead in high-end deployments and workflow automation.

• Asia Pacific is surging ahead in both volume and tech leapfrogging.

• Latin America is bridging gaps with cloud-based and mid-range DR installs.

• MEA is slowly digitizing through strategic public and NGO-supported programs.

Bottom line: Regional success depends on flexibility. Vendors that tailor systems for diverse infrastructure realities — from cutting-edge hospitals in Seoul to mobile clinics in rural Peru — will win the next phase of this market.

6. End-User Dynamics and Use Case

Advanced X-ray systems aren't just reshaping diagnostics — they're redefining expectations for speed, safety, and usability across very different clinical settings. From trauma centers to suburban outpatient clinics, the needs of end users vary dramatically. But one thing is consistent: they want smarter systems that work harder, faster, and with fewer mistakes.

Hospitals

Large hospitals — especially academic and tertiary care centers — remain the primary buyers of high-end X-ray platforms. Their needs are multifaceted:

• Multi-modality integration for seamless diagnostics across departments

• AI-assisted tools to handle growing case volumes with fewer radiologists

• Motion correction and rapid capture for trauma and pediatric cases

These facilities also demand advanced features like 3D reconstruction , fluoroscopy overlays , and automated dose control — especially in interventional radiology and surgical imaging suites.

In short: hospitals want versatility and precision, packaged in a single, scalable platform.

Diagnostic Imaging Centers

These centers are growing fast — especially in North America, India, and parts of Latin America. They focus on volume and turnaround time , making workflow automation and easy image access top priorities.

• DR systems with touchless calibration and auto-positioning

• Cloud PACS integrations for remote reading and patient portals

• Compact footprint systems to maximize space efficiency

AI plays a growing role here too — especially for auto-labeling scans , flagging anomalies, and speeding up reporting in musculoskeletal and chest X-rays.

Specialty Clinics

Whether it’s an orthopedic clinic, cancer center, or dental practice, specialists want systems tailored to their procedures . These facilities increasingly favor:

• 3D X-ray units for surgical planning and implant positioning

• AI-driven bone assessment tools in orthopedics

• Low-dose DR platforms for routine monitoring

They typically don’t have full radiology teams on-site, so systems that guide positioning, automate workflows, and reduce retakes are especially valuable.

Ambulatory Surgical Centers (ASCs)

ASCs are lean, fast, and procedure-focused — and they expect their imaging to match. Most opt for:

• Mobile DR systems that can shift between pre-op, OR, and recovery zones

• Integrated imaging that plugs into the surgical scheduling system

• High reliability with minimal tech support requirements

Many ASCs handle orthopedic or ENT procedures and rely on pre/post-op imaging for surgical clearance and documentation. DR units with wireless transfer and quick startup times are ideal here.

Use Case Spotlight

A leading orthopedic hospital group in South Korea faced growing wait times and diagnostic bottlenecks in its spine care unit. Traditional X-ray workflows were slowing down surgical prep, especially for scoliosis and degenerative spine cases that required multi-angle views.

The hospital installed a new AI-augmented 3D X-ray system with motion-tolerant capture, auto-segmentation, and built-in anatomical modeling for surgical planning. Radiologists could now simulate spinal alignment post-fixation before surgery. The result?

• Pre-op planning time dropped by 35%

• Repeat imaging rates fell by nearly half

• Patient throughput improved by 20% in the spine center alone

The staff noted something unexpected: surgeon-radiologist collaboration increased because both now had access to shared, interactive 3D data — reducing miscommunication and improving surgical accuracy.

Bottom line: Each end user group wants something slightly different. But they all share a core demand — smarter systems that save time, reduce risk, and deliver sharper insights without adding workload. The most successful imaging platforms in this space are the ones flexible enough to meet all of those needs, at scale.

 

7. Recent Developments + Opportunities & Restraints

The advanced X-ray visualization systems market has seen a flurry of activity over the past two years — not just in terms of product launches, but in the way imaging vendors are thinking about software, mobility, and cross-specialty integration. This pace of innovation is unlocking new opportunities, but also revealing practical limits around cost, training, and implementation.

Recent Developments (Past 2 Years)

1. Siemens Healthineers released its YHS Precision Suite in late 2023 — a DR platform with embedded AI for motion detection, exposure optimization, and automated patient positioning. The system is already in use across multiple European trauma centers.

2. GE HealthCare introduced the Definium Tempo , a mobile DR unit with built-in AI that anticipates technician workflow steps, effectively “learning” the most frequent positioning routines in emergency departments.

3. Fujifilm launched an upgraded version of its FDR Go Plus series in 2024, with enhanced wireless connectivity, pediatric dose management, and on-console anomaly flagging — ideal for NICU and mobile bedside imaging.

4. Canon Medical Systems rolled out a mid-range DR platform in India and Brazil in early 2024, specifically designed for emerging markets — with local language UI, simplified training modules, and modular PACS integration.

5. Philips partnered with a leading tele-radiology firm to launch an AI-powered chest X-ray triage tool across Southeast Asia. The tool pre-sorts cases by urgency, significantly reducing radiologist load during high-volume periods.

 

Opportunities

1. AI-First Imaging Workflows As radiologist shortages grow, AI tools that assist with acquisition, interpretation, and reporting are becoming essential. Facilities that lack subspecialty staff — especially in orthopedics, pulmonology, or trauma — are now prioritizing X-ray systems with built-in diagnostic intelligence.

2. Emerging Market Expansion Countries like Indonesia, Kenya, and Peru are investing heavily in digitizing primary care facilities. Vendors offering mobile, rugged, and cloud-ready X-ray systems are seeing strong uptake — especially those who can bundle training and service support.

3. Cross-Specialty Integration Radiology is no longer operating in a silo. Systems that interface seamlessly with surgical navigation , anesthesia monitoring , or oncology planning platforms are gaining traction. Expect to see more hybrid systems purpose-built for orthopedics, vascular, and neurosurgical workflows.

 

Restraints

1. High Capital Costs and Budget Constraints Advanced DR and 3D systems come with a steep price tag. For many public hospitals and mid-sized facilities, justifying a six-figure system is difficult — especially without clear reimbursement incentives.

2. Training Gaps and Workflow Disruption Installing new imaging systems often means changing clinical routines . Many facilities lack the radiologic technologists trained on AI-guided systems or the bandwidth to reconfigure PACS workflows — leading to underuse or outright pushback.

 

7.1. Report Coverage Table

Report Attribute	Details
Forecast Period	2024 – 2030
Market Size Value in 2024	USD 4.2 Billion
Revenue Forecast in 2030	USD 6.9 Billion
Overall Growth Rate	CAGR of 8.6% (2024 – 2030)
Base Year for Estimation	2024
Historical Data	2019 – 2023
Unit	USD Million, CAGR (2024 – 2030)
Segmentation	By Technology, Application, End User, Geography
By Technology	Digital Radiography, Computed Radiography, 3D X-Ray Imaging, Fluoroscopy
By Application	Orthopedic, Cardiovascular, Oncology, Emergency Care, Dental
By End User	Hospitals, Diagnostic Imaging Centers, Specialty Clinics, Ambulatory Surgical Centers
By Region	North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa
Country Scope	U.S., Canada, Germany, UK, China, India, Japan, Brazil, GCC, South Africa
Market Drivers	- Integration of AI into X-ray systems - Demand for mobile and real-time imaging - Rising use in orthopedic, oncology, and surgical planning
Customization Option	Available upon request